Historical and genetic research of the Oirats and the question of kinship with the descendants of Genghis Khan

The expanding horizons of interdisciplinary research made it possible to take a fresh look at the possibilities of solving a number of problems of historical and genetic research, namely, the ratio of ethnicity and population, and effective analysis of the gene pool of an ethnic group. In the present work, the following tasks have been set and consistently solved: a) elucidation of the degree of genetic differentiation of sub-ethnic groups of Kalmyks; b) determination of the ethnogenetic ties of the Kalmyks with the Oirat groups of Western Mongolia; c) clarification of controversial issues of ethnogenesis of groups of Sart-Kalmaks of Kyrgyzstan; d) determination of the haplogroup of the Y-chromosome in the descendants of the Khoshut clan of Kalmykia, leading their ancestry from Khabutu Khasar. The material for the study of the gene pool was the samples of venous blood from 373 people (men) collected in subpopulations of Kalmyks of the Russian Federation: Torguts (58), Derbets (70), Buzava (52), Khoshuts (28); Western Mongolia: Torguts (47), Derbets (41), Khoshuts (18) and Sart-Kalmaks of Kyrgyzstan (61). Microsatellite analysis was performed in 78 samples using 23 short tandem STR repeats. According to the analysis of the Y-chromosome, it was shown that the sub-ethnic groups of Kalmyks are poorly differentiated, which indicates the unity of the Kalmyk population. It was revealed that the subethnic groups of Derbets and Torguts of Western Mongolia, despite significant isolation by distance for 400 years, have an identical picture of the distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups. For the first time it was discovered that the descendants of the Khoshut clan, tracing their ancestry from the younger brother of Genghis Khan, are carriers of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C3c1b-F6379. For the populations of the Oirats of Mongolia and the Kalmyks of Russia, it is major and occupies more than 50% of the sample. Strict patrilineal exogamy which regulates marriages between clan members related by father and the patrilineal nature of genealogical kinship, leading to endogamous tribes, contributed to the wide distribution of this haplogroup in Kalmyks and Oirats.

population genetics, Y-chromosome, Oirats, haplogroup, patrilineal inheritance

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