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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2026.03.3-12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-3407</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Генетическая архитектура хронического пародонтита: современный взгляд на проблему</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genetic architecture of chronic periodontitis: a modern view on the problem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайдуллин</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaydullin</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450106, Уфа, ул. Степана Кувыкина, д. 94</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>94 Stepana Kuvykina st., Ufa, 450106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iskanderdent@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакиров</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakirov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450106, Уфа, ул. Степана Кувыкина, д. 94; 450008, Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>94 Stepana Kuvykina st., Ufa, 450106; 3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галимова</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galimova</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450106, Уфа, ул. Степана Кувыкина, д. 94; 450008, Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>94 Stepana Kuvykina st., Ufa, 450106; 3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450106, Уфа, ул. Степана Кувыкина, д. 94</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>94 Stepana Kuvykina st., Ufa, 450106</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека; Башкирский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology; Bashkir State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайдуллин И.И., Бакиров А.Б., Галимова Р.Р., Борисова А.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайдуллин И.И., Бакиров А.Б., Галимова Р.Р., Борисова А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaydullin I.I., Bakirov A.B., Galimova R.R., Borisova A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/3407">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/3407</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Хронический пародонтит представляет собой сложное многофакторное заболевание воспалительного генеза. Согласно данным близнецовых исследований, вклад наследственных факторов в вариабельность тяжести заболевания достигает 50%. Несмотря на это, интеграция генетических данных в клиническую практику остается затрудненной, что диктует необходимость пересмотра устаревших диагностических парадигм и поиска новых инструментов для стратификации риска.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: систематизировать современные данные о генетической архитектуре хронического пародонтита, проанализировать эффективность различных методологических подходов (от генов-кандидатов до полногеномного поиска) и определить роль полигенных шкал риска (PRS) в развитии прецизионной пародонтологии.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Проведен поиск оригинальных исследований и систематических обзоров в базах данных PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science. Поиск осуществлялся по ключевым словам: «chronic periodontitis», «genetics», «GWAS», «polygenic risk score» и их русскоязычным аналогам. В анализ были включены преимущественно публикации за период 2010–2025 гг., отражающие современный этап развития генетики, за исключением тезисов конференций и работ, посвященных исключительно агрессивным формам пародонтита.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. «Классический» подход, основанный на изучении генов-кандидатов, выявил множество ассоциаций, однако продемонстрировал их низкую воспроизводимость и выраженную этническую специфичность, что ограничивает их клиническое применение. Внедрение метода полногеномного поиска ассоциаций (GWAS) позволило сместить патогенетическую парадигму, выявив новые локусы (например, DEFA1A3, SIGLEC5) демонстрирующие высокую воспроизводимость в независимых исследованиях. Эти данные указывают на то, что первопричиной заболевания могут быть не только механизмы гипервоспаления, но и дефекты врожденного иммунитета. Также показано, что критическим условием успешного генетического поиска является переход от бинарного фенотипирования «случай-контроль» к анализу градации (Grade) – скорости прогрессирования деструкции тканей. Построение полигенных шкал риска (PRS) на основе данных GWAS позволило преодолеть ограничения анализа единичных генетических маркеров. Главным преимуществом PRS является высокая предсказательная ценность и возможность количественной стратификации риска, точность которой достигает максимума при прогнозировании тяжелой формы пародонтита.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Chronic periodontitis is a complex, multifactorial inflammatory disease. According to fundamental twin studies, the contribution of hereditary factors to the variability in disease severity reaches 50%. Despite this, the integration of genetic data into clinical practice remains challenging, necessitating a revision of outdated diagnostic paradigms and a search for new risk stratification tools.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to systematize current data on the genetic architecture of chronic periodontitis, analyze the efficacy of various methodological approaches (from candidate genes to genome-wide association studies), and determine the role of polygenic risk scores (PRS) in the development of precision periodontology.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. A search for original studies and systematic reviews was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search was performed using the following keywords: «chronic periodontitis», «genetics», «GWAS», «polygenic risk score», and their Russian equivalents. The analysis primarily included publications from 2010–2025, reflecting the current stage of genetic research, excluding conference abstracts and studies focused exclusively on aggressive forms of periodontitis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The «classical» candidate gene approach has revealed numerous associations; however, it has demonstrated low reproducibility and pronounced ethnic specificity, thereby limiting its clinical application. The introduction of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has shifted the pathogenetic paradigm by identifying new loci (e.g., DEFA1A3, SIGLEC5) that show high reproducibility in independent studies. These findings suggest that the primary cause of the disease may involve not only hyperinflammation mechanisms but also defects in innate immunity. Furthermore, it has been shown that a critical prerequisite for successful genetic research is the transition from binary «casecontrol» phenotyping to the analysis of disease Grade — the rate of tissue destruction progression. The construction of polygenic risk scores (PRS) based on GWAS data has allowed for overcoming the limitations of single genetic marker analysis. The main advantage of PRS is its high predictive value and the capacity for quantitative risk stratification, the accuracy of which reaches its maximum when predicting severe forms of periodontitis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический пародонтит</kwd><kwd>генетический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>GWAS</kwd><kwd>полигенные шкалы риска</kwd><kwd>PRS</kwd><kwd>прецизионная пародонтология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic periodontitis</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd><kwd>GWAS</kwd><kwd>polygenic risk score</kwd><kwd>PRS</kwd><kwd>precision periodontics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без внешнего финансирования</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was completed without external funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papapanou P.N., Sanz M., Buduneli N., et al. 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