medgenМедицинская генетикаMedical Genetics2073-7998Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC10.25557/2073-7998.2026.01.3-11medgen-3372Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОРREVIEWГенетический полиморфизм системы метаболизма этанолаGenetic polymorphism of the ethanol metabolism systemИвановаА. А.IvanovaA. A.

630089, г.  Новосибирск, ул. Б. Богаткова, д. 175/1

175/1, B. Bogatkova st., Novosibirsk, 630089

ivanova_a_a@mail.ruМаксимовВ. Н.MaksimovV. N.

630089, г.  Новосибирск, ул. Б. Богаткова, д. 175/1

175/1, B. Bogatkova st., Novosibirsk, 630089

Научно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины – филиал ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»РоссияResearch Institutе of Internal and Preventive Medicine −Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202609022026251311Copyright © Иванова А.А., Максимов В.Н., 20262026Иванова А.А., Максимов В.Н.Ivanova A.A., Maksimov V.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/3372

Чрезмерное употребление алкоголя является этиологическим фактором развития алкогольного поражения печени (алкогольный стеатогепатит, алкогольный цирроз печени), а также фактором риска обострений ряда заболеваний печени и желудочно-кишечного тракта, как приобретенных (гепатит, цирроз печени вирусной этиологии, панкреатит и т.д.), так и генетически обусловленных (синдром Жильбера, поражение печени при альфа-1-антитрипсиновой недостаточности, муковисцидозе и др.). Основной путь метаболизма этанола в организме человека − оксидативный путь алкогольдегидрогеназы и альдегиддегидрогеназы. Гены, кодирующие ферменты данного пути, обладают значительным полиморфизмом, что приводит к разной степени активности ферментов как у отдельных индивидуумов, так и у целых этнических групп. Обзор посвящен современным исследованиям и актуальным представлениям о метаболизме этилового спирта и вариантах нуклеотидной последовательности, которые могут повлиять на него.

Excessive alcohol consumption is an etiologic factor in the development of alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver cirrhosis), as well as a risk factor for exacerbations of a number of liver and gastrointestinal diseases, both acquired (hepatitis, viral liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, etc.) and genetically determined (Gilbert’s syndrome, liver damage in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, etc.). The main pathway of ethanol metabolism in the human body is the oxidative pathway of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The genes encoding the enzymes of this pathway have significant polymorphism, which leads to different degrees of enzyme activity both among individuals and among entire ethnic groups. The review is devoted to modern research and current ideas about the metabolism of ethyl alcohol and nucleotide variants that can affect it. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.