<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2025.12.51-66</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-3348</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинико-генетические характеристики гипертрофической кардиомиопатии у 206 российских детей. Одноцентровое исследование.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in 206 Russian Children: A Single-Center Study.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гандаева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gandaeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">gandaeva@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыдова</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydova</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каверина</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaverina</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пушков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pushkov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демьянов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demianov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурыкина</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burykina</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарова</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharova</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сильнова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Silnova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басаргина</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Basargina</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савостьянов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savostyanov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России&#13;
119991, г. Москва, Ломоносовский пр., д. 2, стр. 1</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России; Клинический институт детского здоровья им. Н.Ф. Филатова ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет)&#13;
119991, г. Москва, Ломоносовский пр., д. 2, стр. 1&#13;
119435, г. Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская., д. 19, стр. 1</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health; N.F. Filatov Clinical Institute of Children’s Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гандаева Л.А., Давыдова Ю.И., Каверина В.Г., Пушков А.А., Демьянов Д.С., Бурыкина Ю.С., Жарова О.П., Сильнова И.В., Басаргина Е.Н., Савостьянов К.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гандаева Л.А., Давыдова Ю.И., Каверина В.Г., Пушков А.А., Демьянов Д.С., Бурыкина Ю.С., Жарова О.П., Сильнова И.В., Басаргина Е.Н., Савостьянов К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L.A., Davydova Y.I., Kaverina V.G., Pushkov A.A., Demianov D.S., Burykina Y.S., Zharova O.P., Silnova I.V., Basargina E.N., Savostyanov K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/3348">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/3348</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия (ГКМП) – одна из наиболее распространенных форм кардиомиопатии у детей, характеризуется вариабельным возрастом манифестации и различной тяжестью клинических проявлений. В большинстве случаев причинные варианты ГКМП представляют собой уникальные замены и локализованы в генах, кодирующих белки толстых и тонких миофиламентов саркомера. В России публикации о характеристиках ГКМП ограничиваются дошкольным возрастом, малочисленными когортами и сосредоточены, в основном, на синдромных ГКМП, таких как наследственные болезни обмена и RASопатии. Цель: описать клинические и молекулярно-генетические особенности российских пациентов детского возраста с ГКМП. Методы. Проанализированы истории болезни 206 детей с ГКМП. Молекулярно-генетическая диагностика проведена методом высокопроизводительного секвенирования с дальнейшей валидацией результатов методом двунаправленного секвенирования по Сэнгеру. Всем пациентам проведено определение уровня NTproBNP, инструментальное обследование, включающее эхокардиографию, электрокардиографию и суточное мониторирование по Холтеру, в ряде случаев – МРТ сердца с внутривенным контрастированием. Результаты. У 71% пациентов в качестве причины заболевания выявлены нуклеотидные варианты в генах толстой и тонкой нитей саркомера с преобладанием вариантов в гене MYH7 (54%), у 9% – в саркомер-ассоциированных и других генах моногенной ГКМП и в 11% достоверную генетическую причину гипертрофии миокарда выявить не удалось. Обструктивная форма заболевания диагностирована у 66 (32%) пациентов, половина из которых обусловлена нуклеотидными вариантами в гене MYH7 (р &lt; 0,001), в то время как наиболее высокий градиент внутрижелудочковой обструкции (&gt; 50 мм рт ст) зарегистрирован у пациентов с вариантами в генах TPM1, MYL3, CACNA1C (р &lt; 0,025). В исследовании определены клинико-генетические характеристики ГКМП (n = 206) с исключением случаев наследственных болезней обмена и синдромов RASопатий. Заключение. Генетическая верификация ГКМП имеет фундаментальное значение в понимании патогенеза в каждом клиническом случае, определения тактики лечения, оценки прогноза заболевания, возможности разработки и внедрения таргетной терапии. Показаны разница в течении заболевания в зависимости от каузального гена, наиболее отчетливо проявляющаяся у пациентов с MYH-ГКМП и MYBPC3-ГКМП, а также необходимость генетического обследования детей с гипертрофией миокарда от матерей с гестационным сахарным диабетом. Учитывая достаточно высокий процент «отрицательных» генетических тестов, нельзя исключить наличие каузальных вариантов в некодирующих областях генома, а также многофакторную этиологию заболевания, что требует продолжения изучения генетического фонда ГКМП в различных регионах страны.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common forms of cardiomyopathy in children, characterized by a variable age of onset and variyng severity of clinical manifestations. In most cases, the causative variants of HCM are unique substitutions and are located in the genes encoding the proteins of the thick and thin myofilaments of the sarcomere. In Russia, publications on the characteristics of HCM are limited to the preschool age, small cohorts, and are primarily focused on syndromic forms of HCM, such as hereditary metabolic diseases and RASopathies. Aim: to describe the clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of Russian pediatric patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Methods. The case histories of 206 children with HCM were analyzed. Molecular genetic testing was performed by high-throughput sequencing, with subsequent validation of the results by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. All patients underwent determination of NTproBNP levels and an instrumental examination that included echocardiography, electrocardiography, and daily Holter monitoring, in some cases, cardiac MRI with intravenous contrast was also performed. Results. In 71% of patients, the cause of the disease was identified as nucleotide variants in the genes encoding the thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere, with a predominance of variants in the MYH7 gene (54%). Pathogenic variants in sarcomere-associated and other genes of monogenic HCM were found in 9% of patients, while in 11% of cases, no definitive genetic cause for myocardial hypertrophy could be identified. The obstructive form of the disease was diagnosed in 66 (32%) patients, half of which were caused by nucleotide variants in the MYH7 gene (p &lt; 0.001). In contrast, the highest intraventricular obstruction gradient (&gt;50 mm Hg) was identified in patients with variants in the TPM1, MYL3, and CACNA1C genes (p &lt; 0.025). This study defines the clinical and genetic characteristics of a cohort with HCM (n=206), from which cases of hereditary metabolic diseases and RASopathies were excluded. Conclusion. Genetic verification of HCM is of fundamental importance for understanding the pathogenesis in each clinical case, determining treatment strategy, assessing disease prognosis, and enabling the development and implementation of targeted therapy. The study demonstrates differences in disease progression depending on the causative gene, most clearly manifested in patients with MYH7-HCM and MYBPC3-HCM, as well as the necessity of genetic testing for children with myocardial hypertrophy born to mothers with gestational diabetes. Given the relatively high percentage of “negative” results of the genetic test, the presence of causative variants in non-coding genomic regions, as well as a multifactorial disease etiology, can’t be ruled out. This necessitates continued research into the genetic background of HCM in various regions of the country.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colan S.D., Lipshultz S.E., Lowe A.M., et al. Epidemiology and cause-specific outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: findings from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation. 2007;115(6):773-81. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colan S.D., Lipshultz S.E., Lowe A.M., et al. Epidemiology and cause-specific outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: findings from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation. 2007;115(6):773-81. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipshultz S.E., Law Y.M., Asante-Korang A., et al. Cardiomyopathy in Children: Classification and Diagnosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;140(1):e9-e68. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000682.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipshultz S.E., Law Y.M., Asante-Korang A., et al. Cardiomyopathy in Children: Classification and Diagnosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;140(1):e9-e68. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000682.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ommen S.R., Ho C.Y., Asif I.M., et al. Peer Review Committee Members. 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(23):e1239-e1311. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250. Erratum in: Circulation. 2024;150(8):e198. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ommen S.R., Ho C.Y., Asif I.M., et al. Peer Review Committee Members. 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(23):e1239-e1311. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250. Erratum in: Circulation. 2024;150(8):e198. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001277.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Micolonghi C., Perrone F., Fabiani M., et al. Unveiling the Spectrum of Minor Genes in Cardiomyopathies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(18):9787. doi: 10.3390/ijms25189787.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Micolonghi C., Perrone F., Fabiani M., et al. Unveiling the Spectrum of Minor Genes in Cardiomyopathies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(18):9787. doi: 10.3390/ijms25189787.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coppini R., Ho C.Y., Ashley E., et al. Clinical phenotype and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with thin filament gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):2589-2600. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coppini R., Ho C.Y., Ashley E., et al. Clinical phenotype and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with thin filament gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):2589-2600. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thierfelder L., Watkins H., MacRae C., et al. Alpha-tropomyosin and cardiac troponin T mutations cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a disease of the sarcomere. Cell. 1994;77(5):701 12. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90054-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thierfelder L., Watkins H., MacRae C., et al. Alpha-tropomyosin and cardiac troponin T mutations cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a disease of the sarcomere. Cell. 1994;77(5):701 12. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90054-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szczesna D., Zhang R., Zhao J., et al. Altered regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by troponin T mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(1):624-30. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.1.624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szczesna D., Zhang R., Zhao J., et al. Altered regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by troponin T mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(1):624-30. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.1.624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tardiff J.C. Thin filament mutations: developing an integrative approach to a complex disorder. Circ Res. 2011;108(6):765-82. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.224170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tardiff J.C. Thin filament mutations: developing an integrative approach to a complex disorder. Circ Res. 2011;108(6):765-82. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.224170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watkins H., McKenna W.J., Thierfelder L., et al. Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alpha-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(16):1058-64. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199504203321603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watkins H., McKenna W.J., Thierfelder L., et al. Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alpha-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(16):1058-64. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199504203321603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varnava A.M., Elliott P.M., Baboonian C., et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: histopathological features of sudden death in cardiac troponin T disease. Circulation. 2001;104(12):1380-4. doi: 10.1161/hc3701.095952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varnava A.M., Elliott P.M., Baboonian C., et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: histopathological features of sudden death in cardiac troponin T disease. Circulation. 2001;104(12):1380-4. doi: 10.1161/hc3701.095952.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olivotto I., Girolami F., Ackerman M.J., et al. Myofilament protein gene mutation screening and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(6):630-8. doi: 10.4065/83.6.630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olivotto I., Girolami F., Ackerman M.J., et al. Myofilament protein gene mutation screening and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(6):630-8. doi: 10.4065/83.6.630.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonanni F., Del Franco A., Setti V., et al. Genotype-Negative Patients With Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Traveling to the “Middle Earth”. JACC Adv. 2025;4(5):101730. doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.101730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonanni F., Del Franco A., Setti V., et al. Genotype-Negative Patients With Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Traveling to the “Middle Earth”. JACC Adv. 2025;4(5):101730. doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.101730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гандаева Л.А., Каверина В.Г., Басаргина Е.Н., и др. Гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия в структуре RAS-патий у детей. Детские болезни сердца и сосудов. 2022; 19 (4): 297–303. DOI: 10.24022/1810-0686-2022-19-4-297-303</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L.A., Kaverina V.G., Basargina E.N., et al. Gipertroficheskaya kardiomiopatiya v strukture RAS-patiy u detey [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children with RASopathies]. Detskiye bolezni serdtsa i sosudov [Children’s Heart and Vascular Diseases]. 2022; 19 (4): 297–303 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24022/1810-06862022-19-4-297-303</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каверина В.Г., Гандаева Л.А., Басаргина Е.Н., и др. Клиническая и молекулярно-генетическая характеристика 19 российских пациентов с синдромом Нунан, обусловленным вариантами в гене RAF1. Неврологический журнал имени Л.О. Бадаляна. 2025;6(2):85-97. https://doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2025-6-2-85-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaverina V.G., Gandaeva L.A., Basargina E.N., et al. Klinicheskaya i molekulyarno-geneticheskaya kharakteristika 19 rossiyskikh patsiyentov s sindromom Nunan, obuslovlennym variantami v gene RAF1 [Clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of 19 Russian patients with Noonan syndrome caused by variants in the RAF1]. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal imeni L.O. Badalyana [L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal]. 2025;6(2):85-97. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2025-6-2-85-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гандаева Л.А., Каверина В.Г., Басаргина Е.Н., и др. Редкий случай синдрома Нунан, обусловленный биаллельными вариантами в гене LZTR1. Неврологический журнал имени Л.О. Бадаляна. 2023;4(3):120 129. https://doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2023-4-3-120-129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L.A., Kaverina V.G., Basargina E.N., et al. Redkiy sluchay sindroma Nunan, obuslovlennyy biallel’nymi variantami v gene LZTR1 [A rare case of Noonan syndrome associated with biallelic variants in the LZTR1]. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal imeni L.O. Badalyana [L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal]. 2023;4(3):120-129. (In Russ.) https:// doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2023-4-3-120-129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гандаева Л.А., Басаргина Е.Н. Гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия в структуре инфильтративных заболеваний у детей. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2023;26(3):152-158. https://doi.org/10.46563/1560-9561-2023-26-3-152-158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L.A., Basargina E.N. Gipertroficheskaya kardiomiopatiya v strukture infil’trativnykh zabolevaniy u detey [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the structure of infiltrative diseases in children]. Rossiyskiy pediatricheskiy zhurnal [Russian Pediatric Journal]. 2023;26(3):152-158. (In Russ.) https://doi. org/10.46563/1560-9561-2023-26-3-152-158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gandaeva L., Sonicheva-Paterson N., McKenna W.J., et al. Clinical features of pediatric Danon disease and the importance of early diagnosis. Int J Cardiol. 2023;389:131189. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L., Sonicheva-Paterson N., McKenna W.J., et al. Clinical features of pediatric Danon disease and the importance of early diagnosis. Int J Cardiol. 2023;389:131189. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гандаева Л.А., Басаргина Е.Н., Кондакова О.Б., и др. Новый нуклеотидный вариант в гене ELAC2 у ребенка раннего возраста с гипертрофией миокарда желудочков. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2022;67(4):120-126. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-4-120-126</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L.A., Basargina E.N., Kondakova O.B., et al. Novyy nukleotidnyy variant v gene ELAC2 u rebenka rannego vozrasta s gipertrofiyey miokarda zheludochkov [A new nucleotide variant in the ELAC2 gene in a young child with a ventricular hypertrophy]. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii [Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics]. 2022;67(4):120-126. (In Russ.) https:// doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-4-120-126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гандаева Л.А., Басаргина Е.Н., Давыдова Ю.И., и др. Гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия и лактатацидоз у ребёнка с дефицитом ацил-КоА-дегидрогеназы-9: обзор литературы и клиническое наблюдение. Неврологический журнал имени Л.О. Бадаляна. 2023;4(4):215-225. https://doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2023-4-4-215-225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandaeva L.A., Basargina E.N., Davydova Yu.I., et al. Gipertroficheskaya kardiomiopatiya i laktat-atsidoz u rebonka s defitsitom atsil-KoA-degidrogenazy-9: obzor literatury i klinicheskoye nablyudeniye [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and lactic acidosis in a child with acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 deficiency. Review of the literature and clinical observation]. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal imeni L.O. Badalyana [L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal].2023;4(4):215-225. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2023-4-4-215-225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elliott P.M., Anastasakis A., Borger M.A., et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(39):2733-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliott P.M., Anastasakis A., Borger M.A., et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(39):2733-79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савостьянов К.В., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Басаргина Е.Н., и др. Новые варианты генома российских детей с генетически об условленными кардиомиопатиями, выявленные методом массового параллельного секвенирования. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2017; 72(4): 242-253. doi: 10.15690/vramn872.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savostyanov K.V., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Basargina E.N., et al. Novyye varianty genoma rossiyskikh detey s geneticheski obuslovlennymi kardiomiopatiyami, vyyavlennyye metodom massovogo parallel’nogo sekvenirovaniya [The New Genome Variants in Russian Children with Genetically Determined Cardiomyopathies Revealed with Massive Parallel Sequencing]. Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii meditsinskikh nauk [Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]. 2017;72 (4):242–253. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15690/vramn872.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжкова О.П., Кардымон О.Л., Прохорчук Е.Б., и др. Руководство по интерпретации данных последовательности ДНК человека, полученных методами массового параллельного секвенирования (MPS) (редакция 2018, версия 2). Медицинская генетика. 2019; 18(2): 3–23. doi: 10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhkova O.P., Kardymon O.L., Prokhorchuk E.B., et al. Rukovodstvo po interpretatsii dannykh posledovatel’nosti DNK cheloveka, poluchennykh metodami massovogo parallel’nogo sekvenirovaniya (MPS) (redaktsiya 2018, versiya 2) [Guidelines forinterpretation of human DNA sequencing data obtained by massive parallel sequencing (MPS) (2018 revision, version 2)]. Meditsinskaya Genetika [Medical Genetics]. 2019;18 (2):3-23. (In Russ.) doi:10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) -http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) -http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niimura H., Bachinski L.L., Sangwatanaroj S., et al. Mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C and late onset familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998; 338 (18) : 1248–1257. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199804303381802.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niimura H., Bachinski L.L., Sangwatanaroj S., et al. Mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C and late onset familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;338(18):1248–1257. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199804303381802.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charron P., Dubourg O., Desnos M., et al. Clinical features and prognostic implications of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy related to the cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene. Circulation. 1998;97:2230–2236. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.22.2230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charron P., Dubourg O., Desnos M., et al. Clinical features and prognostic implications of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy related to the cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene. Circulation. 1998;97:2230–2236. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.22.2230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Page S.P., Kounas S., Syrris P., et al. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C mutations in families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: disease expression in relation to age, gender, and long term outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5(2):156–66. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.960831.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Page S.P., Kounas S., Syrris P., et al. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C mutations in families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: disease expression in relation to age, gender, and long term outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5(2):156–66. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.960831.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattos B.P., Scolari F.L., Torres M.A., et al. Prevalence and Phenotypic Expression of Mutations in the MYH7, MYBPC3 and TNNT2 Genes in Families with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the South of Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(3):257–265. doi: 10.5935/abc.20160133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattos B.P., Scolari F.L., Torres M.A., et al. Prevalence and Phenotypic Expression of Mutations in the MYH7, MYBPC3 and TNNT2 Genes in Families with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the South of Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(3):257–265. doi: 10.5935/abc.20160133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Field E., Norrish G., Acquaah V., et al. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C variants in paediatriconset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: natural history and clinical outcomes. J Med Genet. 2022;59(8):768 775. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Field E., Norrish G., Acquaah V., et al. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C variants in paediatric-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: natural history and clinical outcomes. J Med Genet. 2022;59(8):768 775. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beltrami M., Fedele E., Fumagalli C., et al. Long-Term Prevalence of Systolic Dysfunction in MYBPC3 Versus MYH7-Related Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023;16(4):363-371. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.003832.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beltrami M., Fedele E., Fumagalli C., et al. Long-Term Prevalence of Systolic Dysfunction in MYBPC3 Versus MYH7-Related Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023;16(4):363-371. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.003832.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marston N.A., Han L., Olivotto I., et al . Clinical characteristics and outcomes in childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2021;42:1988–96. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marston N.A., Han L., Olivotto I., et al . Clinical characteristics and outcomes in childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2021;42:1988–96. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norrish G., Gasparini M., Field E., et al. Childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by thin-filament sarcomeric variants. J Med Genet. 2024;61(5):420-422. doi: 10.1136/jmg-2023 109684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norrish G., Gasparini M., Field E., et al. Childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by thin-filament sarcomeric variants. J Med Genet. 2024;61(5):420-422. doi: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109684.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osborn D.P.S., Emrahi L., Clayton J., et al. Autosomal recessive cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death associated with variants in MYL3. Genet Med. 2021;23(4):787-792. doi: 10.1038/s41436-020-01028-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osborn D.P.S., Emrahi L., Clayton J., et al. Autosomal recessive cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death associated with variants in MYL3. Genet Med. 2021;23(4):787-792. doi: 10.1038/s41436-020-01028-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marston N.A., Han L., Olivotto I., et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(20):1988-1996. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marston N.A., Han L., Olivotto I., et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(20):1988-1996. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lorenzini M., Norrish G., Field E., et al. Penetrance of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Sarcomere Protein Mutation Carriers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(5):550-559. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lorenzini M., Norrish G., Field E., et al. Penetrance of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Sarcomere Protein Mutation Carriers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(5):550-559. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pu L., Wang J., Chen Y. A similar severe fibrosis pattern in a monozygotic twin pair with the TRIM63 variant manifesting as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(42):4546-4547. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae607.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pu L., Wang J., Chen Y. A similar severe fibrosis pattern in a monozygotic twin pair with the TRIM63 variant manifesting as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(42):4546-4547. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae607.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreeva S., Chumakova O., Karelkina E., et al. Case Report: Two New Cases of Autosomal-Recessive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated With TRIM63-Compound Heterozygous Variant. Front Genet. 2022;13:743472. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.743472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva S., Chumakova O., Karelkina E., et al. Case Report: Two New Cases of Autosomal-Recessive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated With TRIM63-Compound Heterozygous Variant. Front Genet. 2022;13:743472. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.743472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen S.N., Czernuszewicz G., Tan Y., et al. Human molecular genetic and functional studies identify TRIM63, encoding Muscle RING Finger Protein 1, as a novel gene for human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 2012;111(7):907-19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.270207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen S.N., Czernuszewicz G., Tan Y., et al. Human molecular genetic and functional studies identify TRIM63, encoding Muscle RING Finger Protein 1, as a novel gene for human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 2012;111(7):907-19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.270207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fetisova S., Melnik O., Vasichkina E., et al. The clinical and genetic spectrum of pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy manifesting before one year of age. Pediatr Res. 2025;98(4):1301-1312. doi: 10.1038/s41390-025-03989-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fetisova S., Melnik O., Vasichkina E., et al. The clinical and genetic spectrum of pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy manifesting before one year of age. Pediatr Res. 2025;98(4):1301-1312. doi: 10.1038/s41390-025-03989-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bos, J.M., Ackerman, M.J. Z-disc genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: stretching the cardiomyopathies? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;55:1136–1138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bos, J.M., Ackerman, M.J. Z-disc genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: stretching the cardiomyopathies? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;55:1136–1138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wadmore K., Azad A.J., Gehmlich K. The Role of Z-disc Proteins in Myopathy and Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):3058. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wadmore K., Azad A.J., Gehmlich K. The Role of Z-disc Proteins in Myopathy and Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):3058. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaski J.P., Tome Esteban M.T., Lowe M., et al. Outcomes after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2007;93:372–374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaski J.P., Tome Esteban M.T., Lowe M., et al. Outcomes after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2007;93:372–374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robertson L. M.D. Study of Safety and Tolerability of TN-201 in Adults with Symptomatic MYBPC3 Mutation-Associated HCM (MyPEAK-1). Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05836259?cond=HCM&amp;intr=TN-201&amp;rank=1 (accessed on 19 January 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robertson L. M.D. Study of Safety and Tolerability of TN-201 in Adults with Symptomatic MYBPC3 Mutation-Associated HCM (MyPEAK-1). Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05836259?cond=HCM&amp;intr=TN-201&amp;rank=1 (accessed on 19 January 2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desai M.Y., Massera D., Wang H., et al. High rate of seroeligibility among MYBPC3-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients for TN-201, an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 MYBPC3 gene therapy. Front. Med. 2025; 12:1635586. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1635586</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desai M.Y., Massera D., Wang H., et al. High rate of seroeligibility among MYBPC3-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients for TN-201, an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 MYBPC3 gene therapy. Front. Med. 2025; 12:1635586. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1635586</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
