<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2025.03.42-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-2625</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Распределение частот аллелей полиморфного локуса гена FUT 2 (G772A, rs602662) в сибирских популяциях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Distribution of allele frequencies of the polymorphic locus of the FUT 2 gene (G772A, rs602662) in Siberian populations</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Табиханова</surname><given-names>Л. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabikhanova</surname><given-names>L. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tabikhan@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуркина</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Churkina</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Личман</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lichman</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филипенко</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filipenko</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Ак. Лаврентьева, 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Federal Research Center – Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Табиханова Л.Э., Осипова Л.П., Чуркина Т.В., Личман Д.В., Воронина Е.Н., Филипенко М.Л., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Табиханова Л.Э., Осипова Л.П., Чуркина Т.В., Личман Д.В., Воронина Е.Н., Филипенко М.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tabikhanova L.E., Osipova L.P., Churkina T.V., Lichman D.V., Voronina E.N., Filipenko M.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2625">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2625</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Гены, вовлеченные во взаимодействие патогена с хозяином, а также обеспечивающие диетическую адаптацию, в наибольшей степени подвержены естественному отбору. Ген фукозилтрансферазы 2 FUT2 отвечает за селективный отбор микроорганизмов и поддержание стабильности микробиома желудочно-кишечного тракта у человека. Регуляция фукозилирования, связанная с полиморфизмом гена FUT2, делает носителей разных аллелей устойчивыми или, наоборот, восприимчивыми к тем или иным инфекционным и ассоциированным с ними заболеваниям. Известны межпопуляционные различия по частоте нефункционального аллеля -772A, однако, исследования сибирских этносов продолжают оставаться актуальными.Цель: выявить этнические особенности в распределении вариантов гена FUT2 в сибирских популяциях.Методы. Материалом для исследования послужили образцы ДНК представителей четырех этносов: якутов пос. Бейдинге и Дюпся Усть-Алданского улуса Республики Саха (Якутия) (N=123), тувинцев города Кызыл Республики Тыва (N=308), казахов пос. Жана-Аул, Кош-Агачского района Республики Алтай (N=155), русских Сибири (N=153). Генотипирование проводили стандартным методом ПЦР в режиме реального времени.Результаты. Частота несекреторного аллеля -772А FUT2 оказалась минимальной в якутской выборке (7,3%), статистически значимо она выше у тувинцев (13,1%). Казахи имеют значительно повышенную (29%) по сравнению с этими выборками частоту изученного варианта, приближенную к таковой группы русских (34%).Выводы. В соответствии с общим географическим градиентом распределения полиморфных вариантов, частоты аллелей гена FUT2 (G772A, rs602662) в выборках якутов, тувинцев и казахов Алтая занимают промежуточное положение между европеоидами и популяциями Восточной Азии. Это указывает, вероятно, на различное селективное давление в разных географических областях, определяемое как местными патогенами, так и традиционной диетой.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Genes involved in pathogen-host interactions, as well as those providing dietary adaptation, are most subject to natural selection. The fucosyltransferase 2 gene FUT2 is responsible for selective selection of microorganisms and maintaining the stability of the gastrointestinal microbiome in humans. Regulation of fucosylation associated with FUT2 gene polymorphism makes carriers of different alleles resistant or, on the contrary, susceptible to certain infectious and associated diseases. Interpopulation differences in the frequency of the nonfunctional allele -772A are known; however, studies among Siberian ethnic groups remain relevant.Aim: to identify ethnic peculiarities in the distribution of variants of the clinically relevant FUT2 gene in Siberian populations.Methods. The material for the study was DNA samples of representatives of four ethnic groups: Yakuts of Beidinge and Dyupsya settlements of Ust-Aldan ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (N=123), Tuvinians of Kyzyl city of the Republic of Tyva (N=308), Kazakhs of Zhana-Aul settlement, Kosh-Agach district of the Republic of Altai (N=155), Russians of Siberia (N=153). Genotyping was performed by standard real-time PCR method.Results. The frequency of the non-secretory allele ‒772A of FUT2 was minimal in the Yakut sample (7.3%), statistically significantly higher in Tuvinians (13.1%). Kazakhs have a significantly increased (29%), compared to these samples, frequency of the studied variant, close to that of the Russian group (34%).Conclusions. Consistent with the general geographic gradient of polymorphic variant distribution, allele frequencies of the FUT2 gene (G772A, rs602662) in samples of Yakuts, Tuvinians and Kazakhs in Altai occupy an intermediate position between Caucasoids and East Asian populations. This indicates, probably, different selective pressures in different geographical areas, determined by both local pathogens and traditional diet.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коренные народы Сибири</kwd><kwd>генетический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>ПЦР в режиме реального времени</kwd><kwd>FUT2 (G772A</kwd><kwd>rs602662)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Siberian indigenous peoples</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd><kwd>real-time PCR</kwd><kwd>FUT2 (G772A</kwd><kwd>rs602662)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания ИЦиГ СО РАН (№ FWNR-2022-0021). Авторы выражают благодарность к.б.н. Губиной М.А., к.б.н. Андреенкову О.В. и старшему лаборанту Молетотовой Н.А., за участие в экспедициях.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the state assignment for the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (No. FWNR-2022-0021).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vallender E.J., Lahn B.T. Positive selection on the human genome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2004;13(2):R245–R254. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vallender E.J., Lahn B.T. Positive selection on the human genome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2004;13(2):R245–R254. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly R.J., Rouquier S., Giorgi D. et al. Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human Secretor blood group alpha(1,2) fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2). Homozygosity for an enzyme-inactivating nonsense mutation commonly correlates with the non-secretor phenotype. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(9):4640-4649. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly R.J., Rouquier S., Giorgi D. et al. Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human Secretor blood group alpha(1,2) fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2). Homozygosity for an enzyme-inactivating nonsense mutation commonly correlates with the non-secretor phenotype. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(9):4640-4649. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marionneau S., Cailleau-Thomas A., Rocher J. et al. ABH and Lewis histo-blood group anti-gens, a model for the meaning of oligosaccharide diversity in the face of a changing world. Biochimie. 2001;83:565–573. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9084(01)01321-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marionneau S., Cailleau-Thomas A., Rocher J. et al. ABH and Lewis histo-blood group anti-gens, a model for the meaning of oligosaccharide diversity in the face of a changing world. Biochimie. 2001;83:565–573. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9084(01)01321-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoskins L.C. Ecological studies of intestinal bacteria. Relation between the specificity of fecal ABO blood group antigen degrading enzymes from enteric bacteria and the ABO blood group of the human host. J. Clin. Invest. 1969;48:664–673.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoskins L.C. Ecological studies of intestinal bacteria. Relation between the specificity of fecal ABO blood group antigen degrading enzymes from enteric bacteria and the ABO blood group of the human host. J. Clin. Invest. 1969;48:664–673.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононова С.В. Как фукоза гликотопов групп крови программирует кишечную микробиоту человека. Биохимия. 2017;82(9):1259-1277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononova S.V. Kak fukoza glikotopov grupp krovi programmiruyet kishechnuyu mikrobiotu cheloveka [How fucose of blood group glycotypes programs human intestinal microbiota]. Biokhimiya [Biochemistry (Moscow)]. 2017;82(9):973-989. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лифшиц Г.И., Шрайнер Е.В., Кох Н.В. и др. Клиническое значение изучения генетического полиморфизма факторов адгезии при Helicobacter pylori-ассоциированных заболеваниях. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2022;197(1):18–23. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-197-1-18-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lifshits G.I., Shrayner E.V., Kokh N.V. et al. Klinicheskoye znacheniye izucheniya geneticheskogo polimorfizma faktorov adgezii pri Helicobacter pylori-assotsiirovannykh zabolevaniyakh [Clinical significance of studying the genetic polymorphism of adhesion factors in Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases]. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya [Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology]. 2022;197(1):18–23. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-197-1-18-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goto Y., Obata T., Kunisawa .J et al. Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation. Science. 2014;345(6202):125400. doi:10.1126/science.1254009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goto Y., Obata T., Kunisawa .J et al. Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation. Science. 2014;345(6202):125400. doi:10.1126/science.1254009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nell S., Kennemanna L., Schwarz S. et al. Dynamics of Lewis b Binding and Sequence Variation of the babA Adhesin Gene during Chronic Helicobacter pylori Infection in Humans. mBio. 2014;5(6):e02281–14. doi:10.1128/mBio.02281–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nell S., Kennemanna L., Schwarz S. et al. Dynamics of Lewis b Binding and Sequence Variation of the babA Adhesin Gene during Chronic Helicobacter pylori Infection in Humans. mBio. 2014;5(6):e02281–14. doi:10.1128/mBio.02281–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Currier R., Payne D., Staat M. et al. Innate Susceptibility to Norovirus Infections Influenced by FUT2 genotype in a United States Pediatric Population. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015;60(11):1631–1638. doi:10.1093/cid/civ165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Currier R., Payne D., Staat M. et al. Innate Susceptibility to Norovirus Infections Influenced by FUT2 genotype in a United States Pediatric Population. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015;60(11):1631–1638. doi:10.1093/cid/civ165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGovern D.P., Jones M.R., Taylor K.D. et al. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn’s disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010;19(17):3468–3476. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGovern D.P., Jones M.R., Taylor K.D. et al. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn’s disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010;19(17):3468–3476. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smyth D.J., Cooper J.D., Howson J.M. et al. FUT2 nonsecretor status links type 1 diabetes susceptibility and resistance to infection. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):3081–3084. doi: 10.2337/db11-0638.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smyth D.J., Cooper J.D., Howson J.M. et al. FUT2 nonsecretor status links type 1 diabetes susceptibility and resistance to infection. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):3081–3084. doi: 10.2337/db11-0638.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parmar A.S., Alakulppi N., Paavola-Sakki P. et al. Association study of FUT2 (rs601338) with celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease in the Finnish population. Tissue Antigens. 2012;80(6):488–493. doi: 10.1111/tan.12016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parmar A.S., Alakulppi N., Paavola-Sakki P. et al. Association study of FUT2 (rs601338) with celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease in the Finnish population. Tissue Antigens. 2012;80(6):488–493. doi: 10.1111/tan.12016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Razbekova M., Issanov A., Chan M.-Y. et al. Genetic factors associated with obesity risks in a Kazakhstani population. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention &amp; Health. 2021;4(1):90-101. doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razbekova M., Issanov A., Chan M.-Y. et al. Genetic factors associated with obesity risks in a Kazakhstani population. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention &amp; Health. 2021;4(1):90-101. doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eden J., Leffler H. Glycosphingolipids of human urinary tract epithelial cells as possible receptors for adhering Escherichia coli bacteria. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 1980;24:144–149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eden J., Leffler H. Glycosphingolipids of human urinary tract epithelial cells as possible receptors for adhering Escherichia coli bacteria. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 1980;24:144–149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allin KH, Friedrich N, Pietzner M. et al. Genetic determinants of serum vitamin B12 and their relation to body mass index. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(2):125-134. doi: 10.1007/s10654-016-0215-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allin KH, Friedrich N, Pietzner M. et al. Genetic determinants of serum vitamin B12 and their relation to body mass index. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(2):125-134. doi: 10.1007/s10654-016-0215-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anstee D.J. The relationship between blood groups and disease. Blood. 2010;115(23):4635–4643. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-261859.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anstee D.J. The relationship between blood groups and disease. Blood. 2010;115(23):4635–4643. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-261859.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature. 2012;491(7422):56-65. doi: 10.1038/nature11632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature. 2012;491(7422):56-65. doi: 10.1038/nature11632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrer-Admetlla A., Sikora M., Laayouni H. et al. 2009 A natural history of FUT2 polymorphism in humans. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2009;26(9):1993–2003. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrer-Admetlla A., Sikora M., Laayouni H. et al. 2009 A natural history of FUT2 polymorphism in humans. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2009;26(9):1993–2003. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панин Л.Е. Энергетические аспекты адаптации. Л.: Медицина, 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panin LE. Energeticheskiye aspekty adaptatsii [Energy aspects of adaptation]. Leningrad: Meditsina; 1978. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малярчук Б.А. Долговременные ген-средовые взаимодействия и генетика нарушений метаболизма в популяциях коренного населения Северо-востока Азии. Экологическая генетика. 2018;16(2):30-35. doi: 10.17816/ecogen16230-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyarchuk B.A. Dolgovremennyye gen-sredovyye vzaimodeystviya i genetika narusheniy metabolizma v populyatsiyakh korennogo naseleniya Severo-vostoka Azii [Long-term gene-environment interactions and genetics of metabolic disorders in aboriginal populations of Northeast Asia]. Ekologicheskaya genetika [Ecological Genetics]. 2018;16(2):30-35. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/ecogen16230-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Табиханова Л.Э., Осипова Л.П., Чуркина Т.В. и др. Полиморфизм гена TCF7L2 в популяциях пяти этносов Сибири. Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2022;26(2):188-195. doi: 10.18699/VJGB-22-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabikhanova LE, Osipova LP, Churkina TV et al. Polimorfizm gena TCF7L2 v populyatsiyakh pyati etnosov Sibiri [TCF7L2 gene polymorphism in populations of five Siberian ethnic groups]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii [Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding]. 2022;26(2):188-195. (In Russ.) doi: 10.18699/VJGB-22-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
