<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2024.12.16-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-2582</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Прогнозирование патогенности миссенс-мутаций в гене TCF4</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Predicting the pathogenicity of missense mutations in the TCF4 gene</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Государкина</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gosudarkina</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Набережная реки Ушайки, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sophia N. Gosudarkina</p><p>10, Naberejnaya Ushaiki, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sophia.gosudarkina@medgenetics.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Набережная реки Ушайки, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, Naberejnaya Ushaiki, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скрябин</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skryabin</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Набережная реки Ушайки, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10, Naberejnaya Ushaiki, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук, Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Medical Genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Государкина С.Н., Савченко Р.Р., Скрябин Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Государкина С.Н., Савченко Р.Р., Скрябин Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gosudarkina S.N., Savchenko R.R., Skryabin N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2582">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2582</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Подавляющее большинство обнаруженных на данный момент миссенс-вариантов имеет неизвестное клиническое значение. В связи с этим классификация таких вариантов является актуальной проблемой медицинской генетики, поскольку невозможность установить клиническую значимость варианта затрудняет диагностику наследственных болезней, а также разработку или применение существующих терапевтических стратегий. В данной работе использован новый биоинформатический инструмент AlphaMissense для оценки эффективности классификации вариантов в гене TCF4.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: прогнозирование патогенных эффектов всех возможных миссенс-вариантов в гене TCF4 с помощью инструмента AlphaMissense, основанного на машинном обучении, и оценка способности классификации вариантов данным инструментом с использованием ROC-анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Для создания и анализа данных, рассматриваемых в работе, были использованы среда разработки Google Colab, язык программирования Python v3.10, библиотеки Biopython для работы с биологическими последовательностями, scikit-learn для проведения ROC-анализа. В качестве референса была использована последовательность гена TCF4 из геномной сборки версии GRCh38.p14 (транскрипт NM_001083962.2), содержащаяся в базе данных NCBI. Были созданы 1241319 вариантов однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (SNP), из которых 6906 вариантов находятся в кодирующей последовательности, из них 3747 были определены, как миссенс-варианты. Аннотация полученных данных производилась по базам данных ClinVar и AlphaMissense с использованием инструмента OpenCRAVAT. Из всех обнаруженных миссенс-вариантов оценку AlphaMissense получили 979 варианта, из которых всего 101 вариант был указан в базе данных ClinVar.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При сравнении показателей чувствительности (Se), специфичности (Sp), а также графиков ROC-кривых и значений показателей площади под кривой (AUC) явное отличие имеет оценка классификации SNP, как вероятно патогенных (AUC = 0,81, Se = 0,68, Sp = 0,78). Она может быть использована как дополнительный критерий при определении клинической значимости вариантов в диагностике синдрома Питта-Хопкинса. И напротив, классификация вариантов как вероятно доброкачественных или неопределенных не обладает достаточными чувствительностью и специфичностью, а показатели AUC характеризуют их как модели со средним качеством. Таким образом, варианты, вошедшие в эти группы, требуют дополнительной переоценки другими инструментами.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Измеренные показатели показывают, что лучше всего инструмент AlphaMissense определяет вероятно патогенные варианты. Однако стоит с сомнением относиться к вариантам, определенным как вероятно доброкачественные или неопределенные и делать проверку с использованием других инструментов. Варианты, полученные в ходе искусственного мутагенеза и оцененные как вероятно патогенные, но не указанные в базах данных, могут быть полезны при определении ранее неизвестных вариантов в гене TCF4 и помочь в диагностике и разработке терапии ассоциированных заболеваний.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The vast majority of currently discovered missense variants have unknown clinical significance. In this regard, the classification of such variants is an urgent problem of medical genetics, since the inability to establish the clinical significance of a variant complicates the diagnosis of inherited diseases, as well as the development or application of existing therapeutic strategies. In this work, a new bioinformatics tool AlphaMissense was used to assess the efficiency of variant classification in the TCF4 gene.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: prediction of the pathogenic effect of all possible missense variants in the TCF4 gene using the AlphaMissense tool based on machine learning, and evaluation of the ability to classify variants by this tool using ROC analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The following were used to create and analyse the data discussed in this paper: Google Colab development environment, Python v3.10 programming language, Biopython library for working with biological sequences, scikit-learn library for ROC analysis. The TCF4 gene sequence contained in the NCBI database was used as a reference. 1241319 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants were generated, among which 6906 variants are in the coding sequence, of which 3747 were identified as missense variants. Annotation of the obtained data was performed according to ClinVar and AlphaMissense databases using the OpenCRAVAT tool. Of all the detected missense variants, 979 variants were scored by AlphaMissense, of which only 101 variants were reported in the ClinVar database.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. When comparing sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), ROC curve plots and area under the curve (AUC) values, there is a clear difference in the evaluation of SNP classification as likely pathogenic (AUC = 0.81, Se = 0.68, Sp = 0.78). It can be used as an additional criterion in screening of candidate variants for Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. In contrast, classifying variants as likely benign or ambiguous lacks sensitivity and specificity, and their AUC scores characterise them as models of medium quality. Therefore, the variants included in these groups require further reassessment by other tools.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The measured values make it evident that the AlphaMissense tool is best at identifying likely pathogenic variants. However, variants identified as likely benign or ambiguous should be considered questionable and should be tested with other tools. Variants obtained by artificial mutagenesis and assessed as likely pathogenic but not listed in databases may be useful in identifying previously unknown variants in the TCF4 gene and help in the diagnosis and development of therapies for associated diseases.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миссенс-варианты</kwd><kwd>биоинформатика</kwd><kwd>ROC-анализ</kwd><kwd>TCF4</kwd><kwd>синдром Питта-Хопкинса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>missense mutations</kwd><kwd>bioinformatics</kwd><kwd>ROC analysis</kwd><kwd>TCF4 gene</kwd><kwd>Pitt-Hopkins syndrome</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ № 23-75-01138.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-75-01138.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng J., Novati G., Pan J., et al. Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense. Science. 2023;381(6664):eadg7492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng J., Novati G., Pan J., et al. Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense. Science. 2023;381(6664):eadg7492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teixeira J.R., Szeto R.A., Carvalho V.M.A. et al. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Translational psychiatry. 2021.;11(1):19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teixeira J.R., Szeto R.A., Carvalho V.M.A. et al. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Translational psychiatry. 2021.;11(1):19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefansson H., Ophoff R.A., Steinberg S. et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature. 2009;460(7256):744–747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefansson H., Ophoff R.A., Steinberg S. et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature. 2009;460(7256):744–747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smoller J.W., Kendler K.K., Craddock N. et al.Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1371–1379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smoller J.W., Kendler K.K., Craddock N. et al.Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1371–1379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wray N.R., Ripke S., Mattheisen M. et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature genetics. 2018;50(5):668–681.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wray N.R., Ripke S., Mattheisen M. et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature genetics. 2018;50(5):668–681.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cock P.J., Antao T., Chang J.T. et al. Biopython: freely available Python tools for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(1422):3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cock P.J., Antao T., Chang J.T. et al. Biopython: freely available Python tools for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(1422):3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayers E.W., Bolton E.E., Brister J.R. et al. Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;50(D1):D20-D26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayers E.W., Bolton E.E., Brister J.R. et al. Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;50(D1):D20-D26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pagel K.A., Kim R., Moad K. et al. Integrated Informatics Analysis of Cancer-Related Variants. JCO Clin Cancer Inform. 2020;4:310-317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pagel K.A., Kim R., Moad K. et al. Integrated Informatics Analysis of Cancer-Related Variants. JCO Clin Cancer Inform. 2020;4:310-317.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Landrum M.J., Lee J.M., Riley G.R. et al. ClinVar: public archive of relationships among sequence variation and human phenotype. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(D980):5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Landrum M.J., Lee J.M., Riley G.R. et al. ClinVar: public archive of relationships among sequence variation and human phenotype. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(D980):5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tunyasuvunakool K., Adler J., Wu Z. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome. Nature. 2021;596(7873):590-596.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tunyasuvunakool K., Adler J., Wu Z. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome. Nature. 2021;596(7873):590-596.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ljungdahl A., Kohani S., Page N.F. et al. AlphaMissense is better correlated with functional assays of missense impact than earlier prediction algorithms. bioRxiv [Preprint].2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ljungdahl A., Kohani S., Page N.F. et al. AlphaMissense is better correlated with functional assays of missense impact than earlier prediction algorithms. bioRxiv [Preprint].2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedregosa F., Varoquaux G., Gramfor A. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2011;12:2825–2830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedregosa F., Varoquaux G., Gramfor A. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2011;12:2825–2830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sonego P., Kocsor A., Pongor S. ROC analysis: applications to the classification of biological sequences and 3D structures. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2008;9(3):198–209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sonego P., Kocsor A., Pongor S. ROC analysis: applications to the classification of biological sequences and 3D structures. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2008;9(3):198–209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teixeira J.R., Szeto R.A., Carvalho V.M.A., Muotri A.R., Papes F. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teixeira J.R., Szeto R.A., Carvalho V.M.A., Muotri A.R., Papes F. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
