<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-256</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Полиморфизм генов глутатион S-трансфераз и предрасположенность к сахарному диабету 2 типа у жителей Центрального Черноземья</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genetic variation in genes for glutathione S-Transferases and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Central Chernozem region of Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Азарова</surname><given-names>Ю. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Azarova</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">azzzzar@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конопля</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konoplya</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">azzzzar@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полоников</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polonikov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">azzzzar@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Курский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kursk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Азарова Ю.Э., Конопля А.И., Полоников А.В., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Азарова Ю.Э., Конопля А.И., Полоников А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Azarova I.E., Konoplya A.I., Polonikov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/256">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/256</self-uri><abstract><p>Хроническая диабетическая гипергликемия способствует повышенной продукции свободных радикалов, что в сочетании с неэффективной работой ферментов антиоксидантной защиты создает условия для развития окислительного стресса, рассматриваемого многими авторами как универсальный механизм формирования сахарного диабета 2 типа (СД2) и его осложнений. Антиоксидантные ферменты глутатион S-трансферазы активно участвуют в обезвреживании активных форм кислорода и азота путем их конъюгации с глутатионом. Цель настоящей работы - изучение связи полиморфизмов генов глутатион S-трансфераз M1, T1 и P1 с риском развития СД2 у жителей Центрального Черноземья. В исследование был включен 321 больной СД2, получавшие стационарное лечение в эндокринологическом отделении Курской городской клинической больницы скорой медицинской помощи с января по октябрь 2016 года (средний возраст больных составил 59,31 ± 9,23 года) и 327 практически здоровых добровольцев (средний возраст 59,49 ± 8,14 года). Генотипирование делеционных (del) полиморфизмов генов GSTM1 и GSTT1 выполнено методом мультиплексной ПЦР с последующим анализом продуктов амплификации методом электрофореза в 2%-агарозном геле с бромистым этидием и визуализацией результатов в проходящем УФ-свете. Генотипирование полиморфизма Ile105Val GSTP1 проводили методом ПЦР в режиме реального времени с дискриминацией аллелей с помощью TaqMan зондов. Частоты встречаемости генотипов GSTP1 105Ile/Val и GSTP1 105Val/Val в группе больных СД2 (51,1%) были выше, чем в группе здоровых лиц (42,8%) (OR 1,39, 95%CI 1,02-1,90, р = 0,03). При раздельном анализе мужчин и женщин оказалось, что ассоциация генотипов GSTP1 105Ile/Val и GSTP1 105Val/Val была характерна только для женщин (OR 1,59, 95%CI 1,07-2,38, р = 0,02), а у мужчин выявлена ассоциация генотипа del/del GSTT1 (OR 2,13, 95%CI 1,07-4,24, р = 0,02). Также установлена ассоциация сочетаний генотипов GSTM1+ х GSTP1 105Val/Val (OR 2,62; 95%СI 1,01-6,84, р = 0,04) и GSTТ1 del/del х GSTP1 105Val/Val (OR 4,82, 95%СI 1,21-19,10, р = 0,02) с предрасположенностью к СД2. Установленные ассоциации указывают на совместную вовлеченность полиморфизмов генов глутатион S-трансфераз в формирование предрасположенности к СД2 и подтверждают значимую роль нарушений системы антиоксидантной защиты в патогенезе заболевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic hyperglycemia results in oxidative stress that has been implicated as the underlying cause of all DM complications. The glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to glutathione. The present work aimed to study the effect of the genetic polymorphisms of the GSTM1 , GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes on the risk of developing type 2 DM in Kursk population. The study groups included 321 patient (mean age 59,31 ± 9,23) with type 2 DM who were admitted to the endocrinological department of Kursk Emergency Hospital from January to October 2016, and 327 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects (mean age 59,49 ± 8,14). Genotyping of deletion (del) polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was performed by multiplex PCR with subsequent analysis of the amplification products using electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide and visualization of results in UV light. Genotyping of GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was performed by PDAF, PCR, real-time discrimination of alleles using TaqMan probes. There was no difference in genotype distribution among type 2 DM and control subjects in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes (р0,05). Significant differences between the genotype frequencies for the GSTP1 105Ile/Val and GSTP1 105Val/Val polymorphisms were observed in diabetic patients (51,1%) as compared to controls (42,8%), (OR 1,39, 95%CI 1,02-1,90, р = 0,03). The same association of genotypes GSTP1 105Ile/Val and GSTP1 105Val/Val was found in diabetic females (OR 1,59, 95%CI 1,07-2,38, р = 0,02), whereas diabetic males showed greater frequency of the GSTT1 del/del genotype (OR 2,13, 95%CI 1,07-4,24, р = 0,02). We observed a significant association of the double combinations GSTM1+ х GSTP1 105Val/Val (OR 2,62; 95%СI 1,01-6,84, р = 0,04) and GSTТ1 del/del х GSTP1 105Val/Val (OR 4,82, 95%СI 1,21-19,10, р = 0,02) with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus development. The established associations indicate the involvement of polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferases in the formation of predisposition to T2DM and confirm the significant role of disturbances in antioxidant defense system in the pathogenesis of the disease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>глутатион-S-трансферазы</kwd><kwd>полиморфизмы генов</kwd><kwd>наследственная предрасположенность</kwd><kwd>diabetes mellitus type 2</kwd><kwd>glutathione-S-transferases</kwd><kwd>gene polymorphisms</kwd><kwd>genetic predisposition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 7th Edition Brussels, Belgium. idf.org 2015:1-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 7th Edition Brussels, Belgium. idf.org 2015:1-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов ИИ, Шестакова МВ, Аметов АС и др. Инициация и интенсификация сахароснижающей терапии у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа: обновление консенсуса совета экспертов Российской ассоциации эндокринологов (2015 г.) Сахарный диабет. 2015;18(1):5-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дедов ИИ, Шестакова МВ, Аметов АС и др. Инициация и интенсификация сахароснижающей терапии у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа: обновление консенсуса совета экспертов Российской ассоциации эндокринологов (2015 г.) Сахарный диабет. 2015;18(1):5-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аметов АС, Соловьева ОЛ. Окислительный стресс при сахарном диабете 2-го типа и пути его коррекции. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2011; 57(6):52-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аметов АС, Соловьева ОЛ. Окислительный стресс при сахарном диабете 2-го типа и пути его коррекции. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2011; 57(6):52-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондарь ИА, Шабельникова ОЮ. Генетические основы сахарного диабета 2 типа. Сахарный диабет. 2013;(4):11-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бондарь ИА, Шабельникова ОЮ. Генетические основы сахарного диабета 2 типа. Сахарный диабет. 2013;(4):11-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flannick J, Florez JC. Type 2 diabetes: genetic data sharing to advance complex disease research. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2016;17(9):535-549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flannick J, Florez JC. Type 2 diabetes: genetic data sharing to advance complex disease research. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2016;17(9):535-549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang YC, Chuang LM. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: from molecular mechanism to CIinical implication. Am J Transl Res. 2010; 2(3):316-331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang YC, Chuang LM. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: from molecular mechanism to CIinical implication. Am J Transl Res. 2010; 2(3):316-331.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flekac M, Skrha J, Hilgertova J et al. Gene polymorphisms of superoxide dismutases and catalase in diabetes mellitus. BMC medical genetics. 2008; 9(1):1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flekac M, Skrha J, Hilgertova J et al. Gene polymorphisms of superoxide dismutases and catalase in diabetes mellitus. BMC medical genetics. 2008; 9(1):1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robertson RP, Harmon J, Tran PO et al. в-cell glucose toxicity, lipotoxicity, and chronic oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004; 53(suppl 1):S119-S124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robertson RP, Harmon J, Tran PO et al. в-cell glucose toxicity, lipotoxicity, and chronic oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004; 53(suppl 1):S119-S124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинина ЕВ, Чернов НН, Новичкова МД. Роль глутатиона, глутатионтрансферазы и глутаредоксина в регуляции редокс-зависимых процессов. Успехи биологических наук. 2014; (54):299-348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Калинина ЕВ, Чернов НН, Новичкова МД. Роль глутатиона, глутатионтрансферазы и глутаредоксина в регуляции редокс-зависимых процессов. Успехи биологических наук. 2014; (54):299-348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amer MA, Ghattas MH, Abo-ElMatty DM et al. Influence of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms on type-2 diabetes mellitus risk. Genet Mol Res. 2011; 10(4):3722-3730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amer MA, Ghattas MH, Abo-ElMatty DM et al. Influence of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms on type-2 diabetes mellitus risk. Genet Mol Res. 2011; 10(4):3722-3730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjee M, Vats P. Reactive metabolites and antioxidant gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Redox biology. 2014; (2):170-177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjee M, Vats P. Reactive metabolites and antioxidant gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Redox biology. 2014; (2):170-177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bid HK, Konwar R, Saxena M et al. Association of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, T1 and P1) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in north Indian population. Journal of postgraduate medicine. 2010; 56(3):176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bid HK, Konwar R, Saxena M et al. Association of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, T1 and P1) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in north Indian population. Journal of postgraduate medicine. 2010; 56(3):176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manfredi S, Calvi D, del Fiandra M et al. Glutathione S-transferase T1-and M1-null genotypes and coronary artery disease risk in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus Cardiovasc. Pharmacogenomics. 2009; 10(1):29-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manfredi S, Calvi D, del Fiandra M et al. Glutathione S-transferase T1-and M1-null genotypes and coronary artery disease risk in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus Cardiovasc. Pharmacogenomics. 2009; 10(1):29-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yalin S, Hatungil R, Tamer L et al. Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with diabetes mellitus. Cell biochemistry and function. 2007; 25(5):509-513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yalin S, Hatungil R, Tamer L et al. Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with diabetes mellitus. Cell biochemistry and function. 2007; 25(5):509-513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doney AS, Lee S, Leese GP et al. Increased Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated With the Glutathione S Transferase Theta-Null Genotype A Go-DARTS Study. Circulation. 2005; 111(22):2927-2934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doney AS, Lee S, Leese GP et al. Increased Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated With the Glutathione S Transferase Theta-Null Genotype A Go-DARTS Study. Circulation. 2005; 111(22):2927-2934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hori M, Oniki K, Ueda K et al. Combined glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 positive genotypes afford protection against type 2 diabetes in Japanese. Pharmacogenomics. 2007; 8(10):1307-1314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hori M, Oniki K, Ueda K et al. Combined glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 positive genotypes afford protection against type 2 diabetes in Japanese. Pharmacogenomics. 2007; 8(10):1307-1314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramprasath T, Murugan PS, Prabakaran AD et al. Potential risk modifications of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferases) variants and their association to CAD in patients with type-2 diabetes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2011; 407(1):49-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramprasath T, Murugan PS, Prabakaran AD et al. Potential risk modifications of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferases) variants and their association to CAD in patients with type-2 diabetes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2011; 407(1):49-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moasser E, Kazemi-Nezhad SR, Saadat M et al. Study of the association between glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) polymorphisms with type II diabetes mellitus in southern of Iran. Molecular biology reports. 2012; 39(12):10187-10192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moasser E, Kazemi-Nezhad SR, Saadat M et al. Study of the association between glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) polymorphisms with type II diabetes mellitus in southern of Iran. Molecular biology reports. 2012; 39(12):10187-10192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathew CGP. The isolation of high molecular weight eukaryotic DNA. In Methods of Molecular Biology. 1984; (2):31-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathew CGP. The isolation of high molecular weight eukaryotic DNA. In Methods of Molecular Biology. 1984; (2):31-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов ВП, Полоников АВ, Солодилова МА и др. Анализ ассоциации делеционных полиморфизмов генов глутатион-S-трансфераз GSTM1 и GSTT1 с предрасположенностью к бронхиальной астме и особенностями ее клинических проявлений в курской популяции. Человек и его здоровье. 2005; (3):49-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Иванов ВП, Полоников АВ, Солодилова МА и др. Анализ ассоциации делеционных полиморфизмов генов глутатион-S-трансфераз GSTM1 и GSTT1 с предрасположенностью к бронхиальной астме и особенностями ее клинических проявлений в курской популяции. Человек и его здоровье. 2005; (3):49-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao M, Lewis R, Gustafson DR et al. No apparent association of GSTP1 A313G polymorphism with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal Iowa women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention. 2001; 10(12)1301-1302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao M, Lewis R, Gustafson DR et al. No apparent association of GSTP1 A313G polymorphism with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal Iowa women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention. 2001; 10(12)1301-1302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlesselman JJ. Case-control studies: design, conduct, analysis. Oxford University Press, 1982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlesselman JJ. Case-control studies: design, conduct, analysis. Oxford University Press, 1982.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Реброва ОЮ. Статистический анализ медицинских данных. Применение пакета прикладных программ Statistica. Dental science and practice. 2014; (1):43-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Реброва ОЮ. Статистический анализ медицинских данных. Применение пакета прикладных программ Statistica. Dental science and practice. 2014; (1):43-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polonikov A, Vialykh E, Vasil’eva O et al. Genetic variation in glutathione s-transferase genes and risk of nonfatal cerebral stroke in patients suffering from essential hypertension. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2012; 47(3):511-513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polonikov A, Vialykh E, Vasil’eva O et al. Genetic variation in glutathione s-transferase genes and risk of nonfatal cerebral stroke in patients suffering from essential hypertension. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2012; 47(3):511-513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tiedge M, Lortz S, Drinkgern J et al. Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidant defense status of insulin-producing cells. Diabetes. 1997; 46(11):1733-1742.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tiedge M, Lortz S, Drinkgern J et al. Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidant defense status of insulin-producing cells. Diabetes. 1997; 46(11):1733-1742.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tonooka N, Oseid E, Harmon J et al. Glutathione peroxidase protein expression and activity in human islets isolated for transplantation. CIin Transplant 2007; 21:767-772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonooka N, Oseid E, Harmon J et al. Glutathione peroxidase protein expression and activity in human islets isolated for transplantation. CIin Transplant 2007; 21:767-772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright E, Scism-Bacon JL, Glass LC. Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia. Int J CIin Pract. 2006; 60(3):308-314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright E, Scism-Bacon JL, Glass LC. Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia. Int J CIin Pract. 2006; 60(3):308-314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Folli F, Corradi D, Fanti P et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus micro and macrovascular complications: avenues for a mechanistic-based therapeutic approach. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2011; 7(5):313-324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Folli F, Corradi D, Fanti P et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus micro and macrovascular complications: avenues for a mechanistic-based therapeutic approach. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2011; 7(5):313-324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
