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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2024.02.34-45</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-2420</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности валидации герминальных вариантов в гене PMS2   у пациентов с наследственными опухолевыми синдромами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Validation of PMS2 germline variants in patients with hereditary cancer syndromes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ревкова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Revkova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криницина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krinitsina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немцова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemtsova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p><p>119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p><p>115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p><p>8, bldg. 2, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991</p><p>1, Moskvorechie st., Moscow, 115478</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макарова Мария Владимировна</p><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p><p>117997, г. Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, д. 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria V. Makarova</p><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p><p>86, Profsoyuznaya st., 86, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makarova@evogenlab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черневский</surname><given-names>Д. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernevskiy</surname><given-names>D. K</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p><p>603005, г. Нижний Новгород, пл. Минина и Пожарского, д.10/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p><p>10/1, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., Nizhny Novgorod, 603005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагайдак</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagaydak</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уланова</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ulanova</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>123423, г. Москва,  ул. Саляма Адиля д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Salyama Adilya st., Moscow, 123423</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бяхова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Byakhova</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117152, г. Москва, Загородное ш., 18А, строение 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18A bldg.7, Zagorodnoe shosse, Moscow, 117152</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117152, г. Москва, Загородное ш., 18А, строение 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18A bldg.7, Zagorodnoe shosse, Moscow, 117152</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкин</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117152, г. Москва, Загородное ш., 18А, строение 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18A bldg.7, Zagorodnoe shosse, Moscow, 117152</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабаджанова</surname><given-names>Ч. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Babajanova</surname><given-names>Ch. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117152, г. Москва, Загородное ш., 18А, строение 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18A bldg.7, Zagorodnoe shosse, Moscow, 117152</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данишевич</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danishevich</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, г. Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, д.1, к.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Novogireevskaya st., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бодунова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bodunova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, г. Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, д.1, к.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Novogireevskaya st., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаджиева</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gadzhieva</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127006, г. Москва, Оружейный пер., д. 43, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>43, bldg. 1 Oruzheyny per., Moscow, 127006</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белиникин</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belinikin</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115162, г. Москва, ул. Лестева, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>18, Lesteva st., Moscow, 115162</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Эвоген»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC «Evogen»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Эвоген»; ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения &#13;
Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет); ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр имени академика Н.П. Бочкова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC «Evogen»; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Эвоген»; ФГБУ «Российский научный центр рентгенорадиологии» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC «Evogen»; Russian Scientific Center of Roentgenoradiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Эвоген»; ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC «Evogen»; Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center of Coloproctology named after A. N. Ryzhikh</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая онкологическая больница №1 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow City Oncological Hospital No.1, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «МКНЦ им. А.С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after Loginov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Департамент здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Healthcare Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ревкова М.А., Криницина А.А., Немцова М.В., Макарова М.В., Черневский Д.К., Сагайдак О.В., Михайлов В.С., Уланова П.В., Цуканов А.С., Бяхова М.М., Семенова А.Б., Галкин В.Н., Бабаджанова Ч.В., Данишевич А.М., Бодунова Н.А., Гаджиева С.М., Белиникин М.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ревкова М.А., Криницина А.А., Немцова М.В., Макарова М.В., Черневский Д.К., Сагайдак О.В., Михайлов В.С., Уланова П.В., Цуканов А.С., Бяхова М.М., Семенова А.Б., Галкин В.Н., Бабаджанова Ч.В., Данишевич А.М., Бодунова Н.А., Гаджиева С.М., Белиникин М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Revkova M.A., Krinitsina A.A., Nemtsova M.V., Makarova M.V., Chernevskiy D.K., Sagaydak O.V., Mikhailov V.S., Ulanova P.V., Tsukanov A.S., Byakhova M.M., Semenova A.B., Galkin V.N., Babajanova C.V., Danishevich A.M., Bodunova N.A., Gadzhieva S.M., Belinikin M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2420">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2420</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение.  Метод секвенирования по Сэнгеру в последние годы активно используется для валидации выявленных методом высокопроизводительного параллельного секвенирования (NGS) вариантов. Использование метода Сэнгера необходимо, когда выявленный вариант локализуется в гене, имеющем некоторое количество псевдогенов. Наличие псевдогенов осложняет поиск патогенных вариантов в белок-кодирующих участках. Ген PMS2, ассоциированный с синдромом Линча, имеет большое число псевдогенов  PMS2P1-PMS2P14 и  PMS2CL, поэтому для верификации выявленных патогенных вариантов требуются дополнительные методические подходы.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель:  отработать протокол валидации выявленных патогенных вариантов в гене PMS2 с учетом большого количества псевдогенов, имеющих высокий процент гомологии с участками, на которых расположены валидируемые варианты.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В статье представлены два случая с выявленными патогенными герминальными вариантами гена PMS2: chr7:5982823C&gt;T (rs267608172) и chr7:6003716del (hg38).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Для валидации варианта chr7:5982823C&gt;T (экзон 12 гена  PMS2), выявленного методом полногеномного секвенирования, разработана схема с использованием ПЦР с вложенными праймерами. В первом раунде проведена амплификация длинного фрагмента, содержащего 9-12 экзоны, во втором раунде – амплификация целевого фрагмента, пригодного для секвенирования методом Сэнгера. Для валидации варианта chr7:6003716del (экзон 4 гена  PMS2) праймеры подобраны так, чтобы различия нуклеотидной последовательности гена и псевдогена располагались на 3’-конце прямого праймера. В результате для дальнейшего секвенирования методом Сэнгера используется целевой фрагмент без примеси псевдогена.  Таким образом, чтобы избежать ошибок при анализе  PMS2  методом секвенирования по Сэнгеру необходимо использовать специфические методические подходы, чтобы высокогомологичные последовательности псевдогенов не мешали прочтению последовательности функционального гена.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background.  Next generation sequencing (NGS) has achieved unprecedented development in recent years. The Sanger sequencing method is actively used to validate variants identified using NGS. The use of the Sanger method is necessary when the identified variant is localized in a gene that has several pseudogenes. The presence of pseudogenes complicates the detection of pathogenic variants in protein-coding regions. The  PMS2 gene, associated with Lynch syndrome, has a large number of pseudogenes  PMS2P1-PMS2P14 and PMS2CL, so additional methodological approaches are required to verify the identified pathogenic variants.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Testing a validation protocol for identified  PMS2 gene pathogenic variants, taking into consideration the presence of numerous pseudogenes, which exhibit a high percentage of homology with the regions where the validated variants are found.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The article presents two cases with identified PMS2 gene pathogenic germline variants: chr7:5982823C&gt;T (rs267608172) and chr7:6003716del (hg38).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. We developed an algorithm using nested PCR primers to validate the chr7:5982823C&gt;T variant ( PMS2 gene, exon 12) identified by whole-genome sequencing. In the first round, a long fragment containing exons 9-12 is amplified; in the second round, a target fragment suitable for Sanger sequencing is amplified. To validate the chr7:6003716del variant (PMS2 gene, exon 4), the primers were selected in a special way: the differences in the nucleotide sequence of the gene and the pseudogene were located at the 3’-end of the forward primer. As a result, further Sanger sequencing uses the target fragment without pseudogene contamination.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions.  Specialized algorithms for Sanger sequencing of the PMS2 gene are necessary to ensure that highly homologous pseudogene sequences do not interfere with reading the functional gene sequence.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>PMS2</kwd><kwd>высокопроизводительное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>секвенирование по Сэнгеру</kwd><kwd>наследственные опухолевые  синдромы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>PMS2</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>Sanger sequencing</kwd><kwd>hereditary cancer syndromes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено за счет средств гранта Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported by the Moscow Healthcare Department.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanin E.F. Processed pseudogenes: characteristics and evolution. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:253-72. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanin E.F. Processed pseudogenes: characteristics and evolution. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:253-72. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Claes K.B.M., Rosseel T., De Leeneer K. Dealing with Pseudogenes in Molecular Diagnostics in the Next Generation Sequencing Era. 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