medgenМедицинская генетикаMedical Genetics2073-7998Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC10.25557/2073-7998.2024.02.3-13medgen-2417Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОРREVIEWРоль геномики в прогнозировании нейропсихических расстройствThe role of genomics in predicting neuropsychic disordersМиннигалиевВ. М.MinnigalievV. M.

450008, г.Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3

3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008

vkomissiya@inbox.ruХамадуллинаЗ. А.KhamadullinaZ. A.

450008, г.Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3

3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008

ШиринянС. А.ShirinyanS. A.

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

8-2, Trubetskaya st.,  Moscow, 119991

БакиеваА. А.BakievaA. A.

450008, г.Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3

3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008

ИсламоваЭ. И.IslamovaE. I.

344022, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д. 29

29, Nakhichevansky Lane, Rostov-on-Don, 344022

МахортыхЕ. К.MakhortykhE. K.

344022, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д. 29

29, Nakhichevansky Lane, Rostov-on-Don, 344022

ГаязоваГ. А.GayazovaG. A.

450008, г.Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3

3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008

СагындыковаК. И.SagyndykovaK. I.

450008, г.Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3

3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008

КукасоваП. М.KukasovaP. M.

450008, г.Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3

3, Lenina st., Ufa, 450008

УморинаЮ. О.UmorinaYu. O.

430005, г. Саранск, ул. Большевистская, д. 68

68, Bolshevistskaya st., Saransk 430005, Republic of Mordovia

ЧадаеваД. А.ChadaevaD. A.

430005, г. Саранск, ул. Большевистская, д. 68

68, Bolshevistskaya st., Saransk 430005, Republic of Mordovia

ТишкинаЕ. В.TishkinaE. V.

430005, г. Саранск, ул. Большевистская, д. 68

68, Bolshevistskaya st., Saransk 430005, Republic of Mordovia

Башкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir state medical universityRussian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow state medical universityRussian FederationРостовский государственный медицинский университетРоссияRostov state medical universityRussian FederationНациональный исследовательский Мордовский государственный университет им. Н.П. ОгарёваРоссияNational Research Ogarev Mordovia State UniversityRussian Federation202425032024232313Copyright © Миннигалиев В.М., Хамадуллина З.А., Ширинян С.А., Бакиева А.А., Исламова Э.И., Махортых Е.К., Гаязова Г.А., Сагындыкова К.И., Кукасова П.М., Уморина Ю.О., Чадаева Д.А., Тишкина Е.В., 20242024Миннигалиев В.М., Хамадуллина З.А., Ширинян С.А., Бакиева А.А., Исламова Э.И., Махортых Е.К., Гаязова Г.А., Сагындыкова К.И., Кукасова П.М., Уморина Ю.О., Чадаева Д.А., Тишкина Е.В.Minnigaliev V.M., Khamadullina Z.A., Shirinyan S.A., Bakieva A.A., Islamova E.I., Makhortykh E.K., Gayazova G.A., Sagyndykova K.I., Kukasova P.M., Umorina Y.O., Chadaeva D.A., Tishkina E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2417

Психические расстройства являются одним из важнейших вызовов для современной медицины. Несмотря на то, что психические заболевания не вносят значительного вклада в смертность населения, они оказывают важное влияние на качество жизни пациентов, а также на общественное здоровье и экономику. Согласно данным статистических исследований около 40% населения России имеют симптомы психических расстройств, а 5% нуждаются в лечении.  По мере развития психиатрической геномики продолжают развиваться и модели прогнозирования риска заболеваний. Накопление и статистический анализ больших данных, включающих результаты глубокого фенотипирования, картирования траекторий развития,   генотипирования большого количества индивидуумов будут способствовать пониманию факторов, которые, в конечном счете, играют важную роль в определении психического здоровья. Полигенные и полиэпигенетические показатели сами по себе, как и любой другой маркер, обладают ограниченной способностью прогнозировать состояние, для которого они были сгенерированы. Следует однако отметить, что оптимальный отбор генетических вариантов и других геномных маркеров, а также агрегирование связанных с ними весовых коэффициентов являются активными областями исследований. Постоянное совершенствование технологии (увеличение размера выборки GWAS и включение различных родословных, более высокое разрешение генотипирования и т.д.) влечет за собой постоянный пересмотр руководящих принципов для их расчета и интерпретации. Из-за недавнего появления нескольких методов, обсуждаемых в этом обзоре, доказательств их клинической полезности по-прежнему недостаточно, но поскольку технологии, лежащие в основе подходов функциональной геномики, продолжают совершенствоваться, необходимы дальнейшие исследования, посвященные оценке клинической полезности в психиатрии. Можно предположить, что некоторые из описанных здесь методов будут заменены более новыми подходами. Однако основная идея заключается в том, чтобы искать функциональные аспекты, а не руководствоваться исключительно подходами, основанными на данных.

Today, mental disorders are one of the most important challenges for modern medicine. Despite the fact that mental illnesses do not significantly contribute to the mortality of the population, they have an important impact on the quality of life of each individual patient, as well as on public health and the economy of the country. According to statistical studies, about 40% of the Russian population has symptoms of mental disorders, and 5% need treatment.  As psychiatric genomics develops, disease risk prediction models based on biological structures continue to develop. Advances in the accessibility and complexity of big data, deep phenotyping, mapping of developmental trajectories, and the inclusion of large amounts of data on a large number of individuals will contribute to understanding the factors that ultimately play an important role in determining mental health. Polygenic and polyepigenetic indicators themselves, like any other marker, have a limited ability to predict the condition for which they were generated. It should be noted, however, that the optimal selection of genetic variants and other genomic markers, as well as the aggregation of related weights, are active areas of research. Continuous improvement of the technology (increasing the sample size of GWAS and the inclusion of different pedigrees, higher genotyping resolution, etc.) entails a constant revision of the guidelines for their calculation and interpretation. Due to the recent emergence of several methods discussed in this review, there is still insufficient evidence of their clinical usefulness, but as the technologies underlying functional genomics approaches continue to improve, further research is needed to assess clinical usefulness in psychiatry. It can be assumed that some of the methods described here will be replaced by newer approaches. However, the main idea is to include functional aspects rather than being guided solely by data-driven approaches.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.