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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2023.12.33-44</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-2385</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мультильтилокусные нарушения импринтинга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Multilocus imprinting disturbances</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панченко</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panchenko</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechie st., Moscow, 115478</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симонова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Simonova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechie st., Moscow, 115478</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрельников</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strelnikov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechie st., Moscow, 115478</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр имени академика Н.П. Бочкова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Панченко Е.Г., Симонова О.А., Стрельников В.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Панченко Е.Г., Симонова О.А., Стрельников В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Panchenko E.G., Simonova O.A., Strelnikov V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2385">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2385</self-uri><abstract><p>Геномный импринтинг – эпигенетический механизм, определяющий и регулирующий экспрессию гомологичных аллелей генов различного родительского происхождения. Нарушения этого механизма приводят к болезням геномного импринтинга (БГИ). Регуляция импринтинга осуществляется не только в пределах близко расположенных кластеров генов, но и посредством взаимодействий в импринтированных генных сетях (ИГС). Эти взаимодействия могут объяснить некоторые наблюдаемые различия в фенотипах различных БГИ и MLID (multilocus imprinting disturbances – мультилокусных нарушений импринтинга, при которых наблюдаются множественные аномалии метилирования импринтированных районов и генов), корреляции между эпигенотипом и фенотипом которых не всегда очевидна. На сегодняшний день описано не менее 20 БГИ у человека, как с самостоятельными, так и с перекрывающимися клиническими признаками, включая малые аномалии развития, врожденные пороки развития, нарушения метаболизма, особенности интеллектуального, моторного, физического развития. Чаще у пациента с определенной БГИ поражается один специфический импринтированный локус, но появляется все больше сообщений о пациентах с MLID. Причинами MLID являются патогенные варианты в генах, кодирующих ооцитарные и зиготические факторы развития эмбриона, такие как NLRP2, NLRP5, NLRP7, KHDC3L, OOEP, PADI6, TLE6, UHRF1, ZFP57, ARID4A, ZAR1, ZNF445, TRIM28.</p><p>Патогенные варианты этих генов демонстрируют особый способ наследования, поскольку они становятся функционально значимыми только у женщин-носительниц. Они влияют не на здоровье самой носительницы, а на ее репродуктивный прогноз. При генетическом консультировании следует учитывать, что фенотип, обусловленный нарушениями в генах ооцитарных и зиготических факторов развития эмбриона, проявляется только тогда, когда носителями являются женщины. Таким образом, вариант может передаваться по отцовской линии, не вызывая при этом репродуктивных проблем.</p><p>MLID являются актуальной и активно изучаемой проблемой клинической и молекулярной генетики. Ввиду возможной схожести клинической картины классических БГИ и MLID, пациентам с подозрением на БГИ целесообразно проводить анализ на MLID для установления дополнительных паттернов метилирования импринтированных дифференциально метилированных районов (ДМР). В семьях пациентов с MLID необходимо проводить поиск генетических вариантов в MLID-ассоциированных генах для установления риска повторного рождения детей с БГИ. Исследование MLID-ассоциированных генов может быть актуально для пациенток с привычным невынашиванием беременности, рецидивирующим пузырным заносом и при исследовании абортивного материала без хромосомных аномалий для определения причин прерывания и планирования последующей беременности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that determines and regulates expression of homologous alleles of genes of different parental origin. Disturbances in this mechanism lead to imprinting disorders (IDs). Imprinting is regulated not only within closely located gene clusters, but also through interactions in imprinted gene networks (IGNs). These interactions may explain some of the observed differences in the phenotypes of various ImpDis and MLID (multilocus imprinting disturbances, in which multiple methylation abnormalities of imprinted regions and genes are observed), where the correlation between the epigenotype and the phenotype is not always obvious. To date, at least 20 IDs have been described in humans, both with independent and with overlapping clinical signs, including minor developmental anomalies, congenital malformations, metabolic disorders, features of intellectual, motor, and physical development. More often, in an individual with a specific ID, one specific imprinted locus is affected, but there are increasing reports of patients with MLID. The causes of MLID are pathogenic variants in genes encoding oocyte and zygotic embryo development factors, </p><p>such as NLRP2, NLRP5, NLRP7, KHDC3L, OOEP, PADI6, TLE6, UHRF1, ZFP57, ARID4A, ZAR1, ZNF445, TRIM28. Pathogenic variants of these</p><p>genes exhibit a distinct mode of inheritance in that they become functionally significant only in female carriers. They do not affect the health of the carrier herself, but her reproductive prognosis. When providing genetic counseling, it should be taken into account that the phenotype caused by disturbances in the genes for oocyte and zygotic factors of embryo development appears only when the carriers are women. Thus, the variant can be passed on through the father’s side without causing reproductive problems.</p><p>MLID is an actively studied problem in clinical and molecular genetics. Due to the possible similarity of the clinical picture of classical ID and MLID, it is advisable for patients with suspected ID to undergo analysis for MLID to establish additional methylation patterns of imprinted DMRs, since in families of patients with MLID it is necessary to conduct medical genetic counseling with a further search for genetic variants in MLID-associated genes, to establish the risk of recurrent birth of children with ID. Also, the study of MLID-associated genes may be relevant for patients with recurrent miscarriage, recurrent hydatidiform mole, and for the study of abortive material, in the absence of chromosomal abnormalities identified in it, to determine the causes of termination and competent planning of a subsequent pregnancy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезни геномного импринтинга</kwd><kwd>мультильтилокусные нарушения импринтинга</kwd><kwd>импринтированная генная сеть</kwd><kwd>ДНК-диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>imprinting disorders</kwd><kwd>multilocus imprinting disturbances</kwd><kwd>imprinted gene network</kwd><kwd>DNA diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monk D., Mackay D.J.G., Eggermann T. et al. Genomic imprinting disorders: lessons on how genome, epigenome and environment interact. 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