<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2023.08.44-51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-2334</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL CASE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клиническая и молекулярно-цитогенетическая характеристика уникального случая псевдотрицентрической хромосомы Х</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical and molecular cytogenetic characteristics of the unique pseudotricentric X chromosome</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркова</surname><given-names>Ж. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markova</surname><given-names>Zh. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechye st., Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhmark71@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миньженкова</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minzhenkova</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechye st., Moscow, 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бостанова</surname><given-names>Ф. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bostanova</surname><given-names>F. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechye st., Moscow, 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шилова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, г. Москва, ул. Москворечье, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Moskvorechye st., Moscow, 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр имени академика Н.П. Бочкова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Маркова Ж.Г., Миньженкова М.Е., Бостанова Ф.М., Шилова Н.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маркова Ж.Г., Миньженкова М.Е., Бостанова Ф.М., Шилова Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Markova Z.G., Minzhenkova M.E., Bostanova F.M., Shilova N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2334">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2334</self-uri><abstract><p>Структурные и числовые перестройки половых хромосом являются наиболее распространенными хромосомными аномалиями, совместимыми с живорождением. Гоносомные аномалии, как правило, имеют менее выраженные клинические последствия по сравнению с числовыми или структурными аутосомными перестройками. Структурные аномалии хромосомы Х в мозаичном варианте часто обнаруживают в кариотипе у женщин с фенотипическими проявлениями синдрома Шерешевского-Тернера. Однако у пациенток со структурно перестроенной половой хромосомой аномалии развития могут отсутствовать. Это связанно с отсутствием клона 45,X и селективной инактивацией перестроенной хромосомы Х. Широкая фенотипическая изменчивость и недостаточное количество данных о наблюдении пациентов со структурными аномалиями  хромосомы Х значительно осложняют медико-генетическое консультирование таких пациентов. Мы сообщаем об уникальном случае псевдотрицентрической хромосомы Х с дупликацией короткого плеча, четырьмя копиями района Xq11.1q22  и делецией терминального района длинного плеча Xq22. Целью исследования стало установление структуры и механизма формирования аномальной  хромосомы Х у пациентки с задержкой психомоторного и полового развития. Проведены стандартное цитогенетическое исследование, FISH, хромосомный микроматричный анализ. Псевдотрицентрическая хромосома X с дуплицированным коротким плечом, частичной тетрапликацией и делецией длинного плеча  является уникальной структурной гоносомной перестройкой. Комплексный молекулярно-цитогенетический подход позволил определить структуру дериватной  хромосомы Х и установить генотип-фенотип взаимодействие при присутствии в геноме псевдотрицентрической хромосомы Х.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Structural and numerical rearrangements of the sex chromosomes represent the most commonly observed chromosomal abnormalities that are compatible with live birth. Compared to numerical or structural autosomal rearrangements abnormalities of sex chromosomes tend to have less pronounced clinical consequences. In women with phenotypic manifestations of Turner syndrome, structural anomalies of the X chromosome, particularly in the mosaic form, are frequently observed in the karyotype. However, in individuals with a structurally rearranged sex chromosome, developmental anomalies may be absent. This can be attributed to the absence of cell clone 45,X and selective inactivation of the rearranged X chromosome. The wide phenotypic variability and limited data available on patients with structural anomalies of the X chromosome significantly complicate the process of medical genetic counseling for such patients. In this report, we present a unique case of a pseudotricentric X chromosome featuring a short arm duplication, four copies of the Xq11.1q22 region, and a deletion of the Xq22 long arm terminal region. The aim of the study was to establish the structure and mechanism of the formation of an abnormal X chromosome in a patient with delayed psychomotor and sexual development. A standard cytogenetic study, FISH, chromosomal microarray analysis was carried out. The pseudotricentric X chromosome with a duplicated short arm, partial tetraplication, and a long arm deletion is a unique structural gonosomal rearrangement. An integrated molecular cytogenetic approach made it possible to determine the structure of the derivative X chromosome and establish the genotype-phenotype interaction in the presence of a pseudotricentric X chromosome in the genome.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>изодицентрическая хромосома Х</kwd><kwd>псевдотрицентрическая хромосома Х</kwd><kwd>ХМА</kwd><kwd>FISH</kwd><kwd>SHOX</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>isodicentric X chromosome</kwd><kwd>pseudotricentric X chromosome</kwd><kwd>chromosomal microarray</kwd><kwd>FISH</kwd><kwd>SHOX</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено в рамках темы НИР №122032300370-1 «Изучение структурно-функциональных особенно- стей и механизмов формирования хромосомных аномалий и геномного дисбаланса».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by research work № 122032300370-1 “Study of structure-functional features and mechanisms formation of the chromosomal abnormalities and genomic imbalance”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li N., Zhao L., Li J., Ding Y., Shen Y., Huang X., Wang X., Wang J. Turner syndrome caused by rare complex structural abnormalities involving chromosome X. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(3):2265-2270. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4756.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li N., Zhao L., Li J., Ding Y., Shen Y., Huang X., Wang X., Wang J. Turner syndrome caused by rare complex structural abnormalities involving chromosome X. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(3):2265-2270. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4756.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chadwick B.P. Characterization of chromatin at structurally abnormal inactive X chromosomes reveals potential evidence of a rare hybrid active and inactive isodicentric X chromosome. Chromosome Res. 2020;28(2):155-169. doi: 10.1007/s10577-019-09621-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chadwick B.P. Characterization of chromatin at structurally abnormal inactive X chromosomes reveals potential evidence of a rare hybrid active and inactive isodicentric X chromosome. Chromosome Res. 2020;28(2):155-169. doi: 10.1007/s10577-019-09621-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De la Chapelle A., Wennstrom J., Hortling H., Ockey C.H. Isochromosome-X in man. I Hereditas 1966; 54:260–276 doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1966.tb02021.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De la Chapelle A., Wennstrom J., Hortling H., Ockey C.H. Isochromosome-X in man. I Hereditas 1966; 54:260–276 doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1966.tb02021.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">del Rey G., Jasper H., Bengolea S.V., Boywitt A., De Bellis R., Heinrich J.J. Trisomy of the short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) due to duplication/deletion of the X chomosome: clinical implications on the stature. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;74(4):297-304. doi: 10.1159/000309418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">del Rey G., Jasper H., Bengolea S.V., Boywitt A., De Bellis R., Heinrich J.J. Trisomy of the short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) due to duplication/deletion of the X chomosome: clinical implications on the stature. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;74(4):297-304. doi: 10.1159/000309418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гинтер Е.К., Золотухина Т.В., Антоненко В.Г. Цитогенетические методы диагностики хромосомных болезней. Методическое пособие для врачей. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginter E.K., Zolotukhina T.V., Antonenko V.G. Tsitogeneticheskiye metody diagnostiki khromosomnykh bolezney. Metodicheskoye posobiye dlya vrachey [Cytogenetic methods for diagnosing chromosomal diseases. Methodical manual]. Moscow, 2009. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caine A., Mason G., Daly H.A., Ricketts S.M. An unusual tricentric X chromosome detected prenatally. Prenat Diagn. 1993;13(11):1061-5. doi: 10.1002/pd.1970131111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caine A., Mason G., Daly H.A., Ricketts S.M. An unusual tricentric X chromosome detected prenatally. Prenat Diagn. 1993;13(11):1061-5. doi: 10.1002/pd.1970131111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Therman E., Susman B. The similarity of phenotypic effects caused by Xp and Xq deletions in the human female: a hypothesis. Hum Genet 1990;85:175–183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Therman E., Susman B. The similarity of phenotypic effects caused by Xp and Xq deletions in the human female: a hypothesis. Hum Genet 1990;85:175–183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalton P., Coppin B., James R., Skuse D., Jacobs P. Three patients with a 45,X/46,X,psu dic(Xp) karyotype. J Med Genet. 1998 Jun;35(6):519-24. doi: 10.1136/jmg.35.6.519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalton P., Coppin B., James R., Skuse D., Jacobs P. Three patients with a 45,X/46,X,psu dic(Xp) karyotype. J Med Genet. 1998 Jun;35(6):519-24. doi: 10.1136/jmg.35.6.519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Kamp H.J., Kant S.G., Ruivenkamp C.A.L. et al. Pseudoisodicentric Xp Chromosome [46,X,psu idic(X)(q21.1)] and Its Effect on Growth and Pubertal Development. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;81:416–421 DOI: 10.1159/000357141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van der Kamp H.J., Kant S.G., Ruivenkamp C.A.L.  et al. Pseudoisodicentric Xp Chromosome [46,X,psu idic(X)(q21.1)] and Its Effect on Growth and Pubertal Development. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;81:416–421 DOI: 10.1159/000357141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnes I.C., Curtis D., Duncan S.L. A duplication/deficient X chromosome in a girl with mental retardation and dysmorphic features. J Med Genet. 1988;25(4):264-7. doi: 10.1136/jmg.25.4.264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnes I.C., Curtis D., Duncan S.L. A duplication/deficient X chromosome in a girl with mental retardation and dysmorphic features. J Med Genet. 1988;25(4):264-7. doi: 10.1136/jmg.25.4.264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramirez J.M., Rodríguez F.A., Echeverría M.I., Vargas A.L., Calderón A.E., Miatello R.M., Renna N.F. SHOX Duplication and Tall Stature in a Patient with Xq Deletion and Vascular Disease. Case Rep Genet. 2019;2019:2691820. doi: 10.1155/2019/2691820.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramirez J.M., Rodríguez F.A., Echeverría M.I., Vargas A.L., Calderón A.E., Miatello R.M., Renna N.F. SHOX Duplication and Tall Stature in a Patient with Xq Deletion and Vascular Disease. Case Rep Genet. 2019;2019:2691820. doi: 10.1155/2019/2691820.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrel L., Cottle A., Goglin K., and Willard H. A first generation X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96:14440-14444.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrel L., Cottle A., Goglin K., and Willard H. A first generation X-inactivation profile of  the human X chromosome.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96:14440-14444.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geerkens C., Just W., Vogel W. Deletions of Xq and growth deficit – a review. Am J Med Genet 1994;50:105–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geerkens C., Just W., Vogel W. Deletions of Xq and growth deficit – a review. Am J Med Genet 1994;50:105–113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lintas C., Picinelli C., Piras I.S., Sacco R., Gabriele S., Verdecchia M., Persico A.M. Xp22.33p22.12 Duplication in a Patient with Intellectual Disability and Dysmorphic Facial Features. Mol Syndromol. 2016;6(5):236-41. doi: 10.1159/000443232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lintas C., Picinelli C., Piras I.S., Sacco R., Gabriele S., Verdecchia M., Persico A.M. Xp22.33p22.12 Duplication in a Patient with Intellectual Disability and Dysmorphic Facial Features. Mol Syndromol. 2016;6(5):236-41. doi: 10.1159/000443232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chung B.H., Drmic I., Marshall C.R., Grafodatskaya D., Carter M., Fernandez B.A., Weksberg R., Roberts W., Scherer S.W. Phenotypic spectrum associated with duplication of Xp11.22-p11.23 includes Autism Spectrum Disorder. Eur J Med Genet. 2011;54(5):e516-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.05.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chung B.H., Drmic I., Marshall C.R., Grafodatskaya D., Carter M., Fernandez B.A., Weksberg R., Roberts W., Scherer S.W. Phenotypic spectrum associated with duplication of Xp11.22-p11.23 includes Autism Spectrum Disorder. Eur J Med Genet. 2011;54(5):e516-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.05.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edens A.C., Lyons M.J., Duron R.M., Dupont B.R., Holden K.R. Autism in two females with duplications involving Xp11.22-p11.23. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(5):463-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03909.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edens A.C., Lyons M.J., Duron R.M., Dupont B.R., Holden K.R. Autism in two females with duplications involving Xp11.22-p11.23. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(5):463-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03909.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zinn A.R., Tonk V.S., Chen Z. et al. Evidence for a turner syndrome locus or loci at Xp11.2- p22.1. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:1757–1766.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zinn A.R., Tonk V.S., Chen Z. et al. Evidence for a turner syndrome locus or loci at Xp11.2- p22.1. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:1757–1766.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krauss C., Turksoy R.N., Atkins L., et al: Familial premature ovarian failure due to an interstitial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome. N Engl J Med 1987;317:125–131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krauss C., Turksoy R.N., Atkins L., et al: Familial premature ovarian failure due to an interstitial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome. N Engl J Med 1987;317:125–131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powell C.M., Taggart R.T., Drumheller T.C., Wangsa D., Qian C., Nelson L.M., White B.J. Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an Xautosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 1994;52:19–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powell C.M., Taggart R.T., Drumheller T.C., Wangsa D., Qian C., Nelson L.M., White B.J. Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an Xautosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 1994;52:19–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossetti F., Rizzolio F., Pramparo T. et al. A susceptibility gene for premature ovarian failure (POF) maps to proximal Xq28. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 829–834. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossetti F., Rizzolio F., Pramparo T. et al. A susceptibility gene for premature ovarian failure (POF) maps to proximal Xq28. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 829–834. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim M.K., Seok H.H., Kim Y.S., Chin M.U., Sung S.R., Lee W.S., Shim S.H., Yoon T.K. Molecular genetic and cytogenetic characterization of a partial Xp duplication and Xq deletion in a patient with premature ovarian failure. Gene. 2014;534(1):54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim M.K., Seok H.H., Kim Y.S., Chin M.U., Sung S.R., Lee W.S., Shim S.H., Yoon T.K. Molecular genetic and cytogenetic characterization of a partial Xp duplication and Xq deletion in a patient with premature ovarian failure. Gene. 2014;534(1):54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
