<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1234/XXXX-XXXX-2013-1-26-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-22</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МОЛЕКУЛЯРНОЕ КАРИОТИПИРОВАНИЕ (ACGH) КАК СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ПОДХОД К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ ПРИЧИН НЕВЫНАШИВАНИЯ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MOLECULAR KARYOTYPING (ACGH) AS MODERN APPROACH FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF MISCARRIAGE CAUSES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Томск, ул. Набережная р. Ушайки, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tomsk, Ushaika street, 10</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igor.lebedev@medgenetics.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашеварова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashevarova</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Томск, ул. Набережная р. Ушайки, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tomsk, Ushaika street, 10</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скрябин</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skryabin</surname><given-names>N. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Томск, ул. Набережная р. Ушайки, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tomsk, Ushaika street, 10</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чечеткина</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chechetkina</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Томск, ул. Набережная р. Ушайки, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tomsk, Ushaika street, 10</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Томск, ул. Набережная р. Ушайки, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tomsk, Kooperativniy street, 5</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Томск, пер. Кооперативный, д. 5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tomsk, Ushaika street, 10</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики» Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Institute of medical genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики» Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Institute of oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт онкологии» Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Research Institute of medical genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Никитина Т.В., Кашеварова А.А., Скрябин Н.А., Чечеткина Н.Н., Лебедев И.Н., Мельников А.А., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никитина Т.В., Кашеварова А.А., Скрябин Н.А., Чечеткина Н.Н., Лебедев И.Н., Мельников А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikitina T.V., Kashevarova А.А., Skryabin N.А., Chechetkina N.N., Melnikov А.А., Lebedev I.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/22">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/22</self-uri><abstract><sec><title> </title><p> </p><p>В первом триместре 15—20% клинически распознаваемых беременностей заканчиваются спонтанными абортами, причиной которых в половине случаев являются хромосомные аномалии у эмбриона. Выявление таких аномалий помогает оценить повторный риск при будущих беременностях. Однако кариотип эмбриона зачастую не может быть установлен методом стандартного цитогенетического анализа вследствие неудач культивирования или контаминации культур клетками материнского происхождения, а также при наличии субмикроскопических перестроек. Матричная сравнительная геномная гибридизация (aCGH) позволяет преодолеть эти ограничения и установить с высоким разрешением реальный хромосомный статус плода. Кроме того, эта технология даёт возможность исследовать вариации крупных блоков повторов (CNV) с целью поиска вариантов, связанных с невынашиванием беременности. В конечном итоге, это поможет выявить гены, нарушения в которых приводят к остановке эмбрионального развития.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>15—20% of recognized pregnancies are lost as spontaneous abortions during first trimester, and about half of them are caused by fetal chromosome abnormalities. Identification of these abnormalities helps to estimate recurrence risks in future pregnancies. However, due to cell culture failures, maternal cell contamination and submicroscopic rearrangements often no fetal karyotype can be obtained. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) can overcome some of these limitations and ascertain fetal karyotype with high resolution. In addition, this approach permits to investigate copy number variations (CNV) with purpose to search for variants associated with reproductive wastage. This approach permits also ascertainment of genes crucial for embryonic development.</p><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>невынашивание беременности</kwd><kwd>спонтанные аборты</kwd><kwd>матричная сравнительная геномная гибридизация (aCGH)</kwd><kwd>вариации крупных блоков повторов (CNV)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>miscarriage</kwd><kwd>spontaneous abortions</kwd><kwd>array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH)</kwd><kwd>copy number variations (CNV)</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ворсанова С.Г., Юров И.Ю., Колотий А.Д., Береше-ва А.К., Демидова И.А., Куринная О.С., Кравец B.C., Монахов В.В., Соловьев И.В., Юров Ю.Б. Хромосомный мозаицизм в материале спонтанных абортов: интерфазный молекулярно-цитогенетический анализ 650 случаев // Генетика. — 2010. — Т. 46, №10. — С. 1356—1359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ворсанова С.Г., Юров И.Ю., Колотий А.Д., Береше-ва А.К., Демидова И.А., Куринная О.С., Кравец B.C., Монахов В.В., Соловьев И.В., Юров Ю.Б. Хромосомный мозаицизм в материале спонтанных абортов: интерфазный молекулярно-цитогенетический анализ 650 случаев // Генетика. — 2010. — Т. 46, №10. — С. 1356—1359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев И.Н., Островерхова Н.В., Никитина Т.В., Суханова Н.Н., Назаренко С.А. Молекулярно-цитогенетическая характеристика хромосомного дисбаланса в клетках спонтанных абортусов с низкой пролиферативной активностью in vitro // Генетика. — 2003. — Т. 39, №8. — С. 1112—1122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лебедев И.Н., Островерхова Н.В., Никитина Т.В., Суханова Н.Н., Назаренко С.А. Молекулярно-цитогенетическая характеристика хромосомного дисбаланса в клетках спонтанных абортусов с низкой пролиферативной активностью in vitro // Генетика. — 2003. — Т. 39, №8. — С. 1112—1122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суханова Н.Н., Лебедев И.Н., Никитина Т.В., Саженова Е.А., Назаренко С.А. Структура хромосомных нарушений у 552 спонтанных абортусов Томской популяции // Медицинская генетика. — 2002. — Т. 1, №6. — С. 271—276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Суханова Н.Н., Лебедев И.Н., Никитина Т.В., Саженова Е.А., Назаренко С.А. Структура хромосомных нарушений у 552 спонтанных абортусов Томской популяции // Медицинская генетика. — 2002. — Т. 1, №6. — С. 271—276.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballif B.C., Kashork C.D., Saleki R., Rorem E., Sundin K., Bejjani B.A., Shaffer L.G. Detecting sex chromosome anomalies and common triploidies in products of conception by array-based comparative genomic hybridization // Prenat. Diagn. — 2006. — Vol. 26. — P. 333—339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballif B.C., Kashork C.D., Saleki R., Rorem E., Sundin K., Bejjani B.A., Shaffer L.G. Detecting sex chromosome anomalies and common triploidies in products of conception by array-based comparative genomic hybridization // Prenat. Diagn. — 2006. — Vol. 26. — P. 333—339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell K.A., Van Deerlin P.G., Haddad B.R., Feinberg R.F. Cytogenetic diagnosis of «normal 46,XX» karyotypes in spontaneous abortions frequently may be misleading // Fertil. Steril. — 1999. — Vol. 71. — P. 334—341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell K.A., Van Deerlin P.G., Haddad B.R., Feinberg R.F. Cytogenetic diagnosis of «normal 46,XX» karyotypes in spontaneous abortions frequently may be misleading // Fertil. Steril. — 1999. — Vol. 71. — P. 334—341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benkhalifa M., Kasakyan S., Clement P., Baldi M., Tachdji-an G., Demirol A., Gurgan T., Fiorentino F., Mohammed M., Qumsiyeh M.B. Array comparative genomic hybridization profiling of first-trimester spontaneous abortions that fail to grow in vitro // Prenat. Diagn. — 2005. — Vol. 25. — P. 894—900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benkhalifa M., Kasakyan S., Clement P., Baldi M., Tachdji-an G., Demirol A., Gurgan T., Fiorentino F., Mohammed M., Qumsiyeh M.B. Array comparative genomic hybridization profiling of first-trimester spontaneous abortions that fail to grow in vitro // Prenat. Diagn. — 2005. — Vol. 25. — P. 894—900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borovic C.L., Perez A.B., da Silva L.R.J., Krepischi-Sanr tos A.C.V., Costa S.S., Rosenberg C. Array-CGH testing in spontaneous abortions with normal karyotypes // Genet. Mol. Biol. — 2008. — Vol. 31, №2. — P. 416—422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovic C.L., Perez A.B., da Silva L.R.J., Krepischi-Sanr tos A.C.V., Costa S.S., Rosenberg C. Array-CGH testing in spontaneous abortions with normal karyotypes // Genet. Mol. Biol. — 2008. — Vol. 31, №2. — P. 416—422.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cartegni L., Chew S.L., Krainer A.R. Listening to silence and understanding nonsense: exonic mutations that affect splicing // Nat. Rev. Genet. — 2002. — Vol. 3, №4. — P. 285—298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cartegni L., Chew S.L., Krainer A.R. Listening to silence and understanding nonsense: exonic mutations that affect splicing // Nat. Rev. Genet. — 2002. — Vol. 3, №4. — P. 285—298.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceulemans S., van der Ven K., Del-Favero J. Targeted screening and validation of copy number variations // Methods Mol. Biol. — 2012. — Vol. 838. — P. 311—328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceulemans S., van der Ven K., Del-Favero J. Targeted screening and validation of copy number variations // Methods Mol. Biol. — 2012. — Vol. 838. — P. 311—328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conrad D.F., Andrews T.D., Carter N.P., Hurles M.E., Pritchard J.K. Articles Legal documents include patentsinclude citations 12. Advanced searchCreate alert My Citations Settings A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome // Nat. Genet. — 2006. — Vol. 38, №1. — P. 75—81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conrad D.F., Andrews T.D., Carter N.P., Hurles M.E., Pritchard J.K. Articles Legal documents include patentsinclude citations 12. Advanced searchCreate alert My Citations Settings A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome // Nat. Genet. — 2006. — Vol. 38, №1. — P. 75—81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desphande M., Harper J., HoUoway M., Palmer R., Wang R. Evaluation of array comparative genomic hybridization for genetic analysis of chorionic villus sampling from pregnancy loss in comparison to karyotyping and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification // Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers. — 2010. — Vol. 14, №3. — P. 421—424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desphande M., Harper J., HoUoway M., Palmer R., Wang R. Evaluation of array comparative genomic hybridization for genetic analysis of chorionic villus sampling from pregnancy loss in comparison to karyotyping and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification // Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers. — 2010. — Vol. 14, №3. — P. 421—424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Smith A.J., Walters R.G., Froguel P., Blakemore A.I. Human genes involved in copy number variation: mechanisms of origin, functional effects and implications for disease // Cytogenet. Genome Res. — 2008. — Vol. 123. — P. 17—26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Smith A.J., Walters R.G., Froguel P., Blakemore A.I. Human genes involved in copy number variation: mechanisms of origin, functional effects and implications for disease // Cytogenet. Genome Res. — 2008. — Vol. 123. — P. 17—26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diego-Alvarez M., de Alba R., Cardero-Merlo R., Diaz-Re-carens J., Ayuso C., Ramos C., Lorda-sanchez I. MLPA as a screening method of aneuploidy and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements in spontaneous miscarriages. // Prenat. Diagn. — 2007. — Vol. 27. — P. 765—771.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diego-Alvarez M., de Alba R., Cardero-Merlo R., Diaz-Re-carens J., Ayuso C., Ramos C., Lorda-sanchez I. MLPA as a screening method of aneuploidy and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements in spontaneous miscarriages. // Prenat. Diagn. — 2007. — Vol. 27. — P. 765—771.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eiben B., Bartels I., Bahr-Porsch S., Borgmann S., Gatz G., GeUert G., Goebel R., Hammans W., Hentemann M., Osmers R. Cytogenetic analysis of 750 spontaneous abortions with the di-rect-preparation method of chorionic villi and its implications for studying genetic causes of pregnancy wastage // Am. J. Hum. Genet. — 1990. — Vol. 47. — P. 656—663.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eiben B., Bartels I., Bahr-Porsch S., Borgmann S., Gatz G., GeUert G., Goebel R., Hammans W., Hentemann M., Osmers R. Cytogenetic analysis of 750 spontaneous abortions with the di-rect-preparation method of chorionic villi and its implications for studying genetic causes of pregnancy wastage // Am. J. Hum. Genet. — 1990. — Vol. 47. — P. 656—663.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feuk L., Carson A.R., Scherer S.W. Structural variation in the human genome // Nat. Rev. Genet. — 2006. — Vol. 7, №2. — P. 85—97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feuk L., Carson A.R., Scherer S.W. Structural variation in the human genome // Nat. Rev. Genet. — 2006. — Vol. 7, №2. — P. 85—97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fritz B., Hallermann C., Olert J., Fuchs B., Bruns M., Aslan M., Schmidt S., Coerdt W., Muntefering H., Rehder H. Cytogenetic analyses of culture failures by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH)-Re-evaluation of chromosome aberration rates in early spontaneous abortions. // Eur. J. Hum. Genet. — 2001. — Vol. 9. — P. 539—547.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritz B., Hallermann C., Olert J., Fuchs B., Bruns M., Aslan M., Schmidt S., Coerdt W., Muntefering H., Rehder H. Cytogenetic analyses of culture failures by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH)-Re-evaluation of chromosome aberration rates in early spontaneous abortions. // Eur. J. Hum. Genet. — 2001. — Vol. 9. — P. 539—547.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao J., Liu C., Yao F., Hao N., Zhou J., Zhou Q., Zhang L., Liu X., Bian X., Liu J. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is more informative than conventional karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization in the analysis of first-trimester spontaneous abortion // Mol. Cytogenet. — 2012. — Vol. 16, №5. doi: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao J., Liu C., Yao F., Hao N., Zhou J., Zhou Q., Zhang L., Liu X., Bian X., Liu J. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is more informative than conventional karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization in the analysis of first-trimester spontaneous abortion // Mol. Cytogenet. — 2012. — Vol. 16, №5. doi: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goddijn M., Leschot N.J. Genetic aspects of miscarriage // Bamieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. — 2000. — Vol. 14. — P. 855—865.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goddijn M., Leschot N.J. Genetic aspects of miscarriage // Bamieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. — 2000. — Vol. 14. — P. 855—865.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jobanputra V., Esteves C., Sobrino A., Brown S., Kline J., Warburton D. Using FISH to increase the yield and accuracy of karyotypes from spontaneous abortion specimens // Prenat. Diagnosis. — 2011. — Vol. 31. — P. 755—759.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jobanputra V., Esteves C., Sobrino A., Brown S., Kline J., Warburton D. Using FISH to increase the yield and accuracy of karyotypes from spontaneous abortion specimens // Prenat. Diagnosis. — 2011. — Vol. 31. — P. 755—759.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebedev I.N. Mosaic aneuploidy in early fetal loss // Cytogenet. Genome Research. — 2011. — Vol. 133, №2—4. — P. 169—183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev I.N. Mosaic aneuploidy in early fetal loss // Cytogenet. Genome Research. — 2011. — Vol. 133, №2—4. — P. 169—183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menten B., Swerts K., DeUe Chiaie B., Janssens S., Buys-se K., Phillipe J., Speleman F. Array comparative genomic hybridization and flow cytometry analysis of spontaneous abortions and mors in utero samples // BMC Med. Genet. — 2009. — Vol. 14. — P. 89—93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menten B., Swerts K., DeUe Chiaie B., Janssens S., Buys-se K., Phillipe J., Speleman F. Array comparative genomic hybridization and flow cytometry analysis of spontaneous abortions and mors in utero samples // BMC Med. Genet. — 2009. — Vol. 14. — P. 89—93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menasha J., Llevy B., Hirschhorn K., Kardon N.B. Incidence and spectrum of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions: new insights from 12-year study // Genetics in Medicine. — 2005. — Vol. 7, №4. — P. 251—263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menasha J., Llevy B., Hirschhorn K., Kardon N.B. Incidence and spectrum of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions: new insights from 12-year study // Genetics in Medicine. — 2005. — Vol. 7, №4. — P. 251—263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikitina T.V., Lebedev I.N., Sukhanova N.N., Sazheno-va E.A., Nazarenko S.A. A mathematical model for evaluation of maternal cell contamination in cultured cells from spontaneous abortions: significance for cytogenetic analysis of prenatal selection factors // Ferfflity Stormy. — 2005. — Vol. 83, №4. — P. 964—972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina T.V., Lebedev I.N., Sukhanova N.N., Sazheno-va E.A., Nazarenko S.A. A mathematical model for evaluation of maternal cell contamination in cultured cells from spontaneous abortions: significance for cytogenetic analysis of prenatal selection factors // Ferfflity Stormy. — 2005. — Vol. 83, №4. — P. 964—972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rai R., Regan L. Recurrent miscarriage // Lancet. — 2006. — Vol. 368. — P. 601—611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rai R., Regan L. Recurrent miscarriage // Lancet. — 2006. — Vol. 368. — P. 601—611.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajcan-Separovic E., Diego-alvarez D., Robinson W.P., Tyson C., Qiao Y., Harvard C., Fawcett C., Katousek D., Philipp T., Somerville M.J., Stephenson M.D. Identification of copy number variants in miscarriage from couples with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss // Hum. Reprod. — 2010. — Vol. 25. — P. 2913—2922.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajcan-Separovic E., Diego-alvarez D., Robinson W.P., Tyson C., Qiao Y., Harvard C., Fawcett C., Katousek D., Philipp T., Somerville M.J., Stephenson M.D. Identification of copy number variants in miscarriage from couples with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss // Hum. Reprod. — 2010. — Vol. 25. — P. 2913—2922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raican-Separovic E., Qiao Y., Tyson C., Harvard C., Fawcett C., Kalousek D., Stephenson M., Philipp T.. Genomic changes detected by array CGH in human embryos with developmental defects // Mol. Hum. Reprod. — 2010. — Vol. 16. — P. 125—134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raican-Separovic E., Qiao Y., Tyson C., Harvard C., Fawcett C., Kalousek D., Stephenson M., Philipp T.. Genomic changes detected by array CGH in human embryos with developmental defects // Mol. Hum. Reprod. — 2010. — Vol. 16. — P. 125—134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robberecht C., Schuddinck V., Fryns J.P., Vermeesch J.R. Diagnosis of miscarriages by molecular karyotyping: benefits and pitfalls // Genet. Med. — 2009. — Vol. 11. — P. 646—654.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robberecht C., Schuddinck V., Fryns J.P., Vermeesch J.R. Diagnosis of miscarriages by molecular karyotyping: benefits and pitfalls // Genet. Med. — 2009. — Vol. 11. — P. 646—654.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robberecht C., Pexsters A., Deprest J., Fryns J.P., D’Hoog-he T., Vermeesch J.R. Cytogenetic and morphological analysis of early products of conception following hystero-embryoscopy from coupl es with recurrent pregnancy loss // Prenat. Diagn. — 2012. — Vol. 4. — P. 1-10. doi: 10.1002/pd.3936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robberecht C., Pexsters A., Deprest J., Fryns J.P., D’Hoog-he T., Vermeesch J.R. Cytogenetic and morphological analysis of early products of conception following hystero-embryoscopy from coupl es with recurrent pregnancy loss // Prenat. Diagn. — 2012. — Vol. 4. — P. 1-10. doi: 10.1002/pd.3936.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schaeffer A.J., Chung J., Heretis K., Wong A., Ledbetter D.H., Lese M.C. Comparative genomic hybridization-array analysis enhances the detection of aneuploidies and submicroscopic imbalances in spontaneous miscarriages // Am. J. Hum. Genet. — 2004. — Vol. 74. — P. 1168—1174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schaeffer A.J., Chung J., Heretis K., Wong A., Ledbetter D.H., Lese M.C. Comparative genomic hybridization-array analysis enhances the detection of aneuploidies and submicroscopic imbalances in spontaneous miscarriages // Am. J. Hum. Genet. — 2004. — Vol. 74. — P. 1168—1174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott S.A., Cohen N., Brandt T., Toruner G., Desnick R.J., Edelmann L. Detection of low-level mosaicism and placental mosaicism by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization // Genet. Med. — 2010. — Vol. 12, №2. — P. 85—92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott S.A., Cohen N., Brandt T., Toruner G., Desnick R.J., Edelmann L. Detection of low-level mosaicism and placental mosaicism by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization // Genet. Med. — 2010. — Vol. 12, №2. — P. 85—92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shearer B.M., Thorknd E.C., Carlton A.W., Jakl S.M., Ketterling R.P. Reflex fluorescent in situ hybridization testing for unsuccessful product of conception cultures: a retrospective analysis of 5555 samples attempted by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridization // Genet. Med. — 2011. — Vol. 13. — P. 545—552.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shearer B.M., Thorknd E.C., Carlton A.W., Jakl S.M., Ketterling R.P. Reflex fluorescent in situ hybridization testing for unsuccessful product of conception cultures: a retrospective analysis of 5555 samples attempted by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridization // Genet. Med. — 2011. — Vol. 13. — P. 545—552.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shimokawa O., Harada N., Miyake N., Satoh K., Mizuguc-hi T., Niikawa N., Matsumoto N. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis in first-trimester spontaneous abortions with «normal» ka^orjfpes // Am. J. Med. Genet. — 2006. — Vol. 140. — P. 1931—1935.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shimokawa O., Harada N., Miyake N., Satoh K., Mizuguc-hi T., Niikawa N., Matsumoto N. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis in first-trimester spontaneous abortions with «normal» ka^orjfpes // Am. J. Med. Genet. — 2006. — Vol. 140. — P. 1931—1935.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solinas-Toldo S., Lampel S., Stilgenbauer S., Nickolenko J., Benner A., Dchner H., Cremer T., Lichter P. Matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization: Biochips to screen for genomic imbalances // Genes, Chromoromes and Cancer. — 1997. — Vol. 20, №4. — P. 399—407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solinas-Toldo S., Lampel S., Stilgenbauer S., Nickolenko J., Benner A., Dchner H., Cremer T., Lichter P. Matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization: Biochips to screen for genomic imbalances // Genes, Chromoromes and Cancer. — 1997. — Vol. 20, №4. — P. 399—407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stranger B.E., Forrest M.S., Dunning M., Ingle C.E., Beaz-ley C., Thorne N., Redon R., Bird C.P., de Grassi A., Lee C., Ty-ler-Smith C., Carter N., Scherer S.W., Tavare S., Deloukas P., Hur-les M.E., Dermitzakis E.T. Relative impact of nucleotide and copy number variation on gene expression phenotypes // Science. — 2007. — Vol. 315. — P. 848—853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stranger B.E., Forrest M.S., Dunning M., Ingle C.E., Beaz-ley C., Thorne N., Redon R., Bird C.P., de Grassi A., Lee C., Ty-ler-Smith C., Carter N., Scherer S.W., Tavare S., Deloukas P., Hur-les M.E., Dermitzakis E.T. Relative impact of nucleotide and copy number variation on gene expression phenotypes // Science. — 2007. — Vol. 315. — P. 848—853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van den Berg M.M., van Maarle M.C., van Wefy M., God-dijn M. Genetics of early miscarriage // Biochim Biophys Acta. — 2012. — doi:10.1016/ j.bbadis.2012.07.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van den Berg M.M., van Maarle M.C., van Wefy M., God-dijn M. Genetics of early miscarriage // Biochim Biophys Acta. — 2012. — doi:10.1016/ j.bbadis.2012.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y.X., Zhang Y.P., Gu Y., Guan F.J., Li S.L., Xie J.S., Shen Y., Wu B.L., Ju W., Jenkins E.C., Brown W.T., Zhong N. Genetic analysis of first-trimester miscarriages with a combination of cytogenetic karyotyping, microsatellite genotyping and array CGH // Clin. Genet. — 2009. — Vol. 75. — P. 133—140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y.X., Zhang Y.P., Gu Y., Guan F.J., Li S.L., Xie J.S., Shen Y., Wu B.L., Ju W., Jenkins E.C., Brown W.T., Zhong N. Genetic analysis of first-trimester miscarriages with a combination of cytogenetic karyotyping, microsatellite genotyping and array CGH // Clin. Genet. — 2009. — Vol. 75. — P. 133—140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warren J.E., Turok D.K., Maxwell T.M., Brothman A.R., Silver R.M. Array comparative genomic hybridization for genetic evaluation of fetal loss between 10 and 20 weeks of gestation // Ob-stet. Gynecol. — 2009. — Vol. 114. — P. 1093—1102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warren J.E., Turok D.K., Maxwell T.M., Brothman A.R., Silver R.M. Array comparative genomic hybridization for genetic evaluation of fetal loss between 10 and 20 weeks of gestation // Ob-stet. Gynecol. — 2009. — Vol. 114. — P. 1093—1102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
