<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская генетика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House «Genius Media» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25557/2073-7998.2022.10.65-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medgen-2174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРАТКОЕ СООБЩЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BRIEF REPORT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Представленность явления «выпадения» аллеля в результатах секвенирования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Representation of the allelic dropout phenomenon in the sequencing results</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестак</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestak</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">anna.shestak87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Букаева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukaeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабер</surname><given-names>С. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saber</surname><given-names>S. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцева</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rumyantseva</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заклязьминская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaklyazminskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иранский Университет медицинских наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Iran University of Medical Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шестак А.Г., Букаева А.А., Сабер С..., Румянцева В.А., Заклязьминская Е.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шестак А.Г., Букаева А.А., Сабер С..., Румянцева В.А., Заклязьминская Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shestak A.G., Bukaeva A.A., Saber S..., Rumyantseva V.A., Zaklyazminskaya E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2174">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2174</self-uri><abstract><p>Все ПЦР-опосредованные методы секвенирования имеют риск возникновения явления «выпадения» аллеля (allelic dropout, ADO), которое приводит к селективной амплификации аллелей в ходе ПЦР и может снижать диагностическую эффективность генетического тестирования. Для выявления случаев ADO нами было проведено сравнение файлов ВАМ, VCF с хроматограммами прямого секвенирования по Сэнгеру. Для выявления причин ADO анализировали сайты связывания праймеров с использованием базы данных gnomAD. Ампликоны со случаями потенциального ADO были ресеквенированы с альтернативной пары праймеров. Были выявлены 8 случаев ADO как в результатах NGS (таргетные панели генов), так и прямого секвенирования по Сэнгеру. Факт избирательной амплификации аллелей был подтвержден во всех представленных случаях при ресеквенировании с альтернативной пары праймеров. Большинство случаев ADO (6 случаев, 75%) были вызваны частыми или редкими однонуклеотидными генетическими вариантами в местах отжига олигопраймеров, в двух случаях (25%) ADO было предположительно опосредовано присутствием инделов длиной 6 и более нуклеотидов в исследуемых ампликонах. Кроме того, в ряде ампликонов мы обнаружили «недопредставленность» SNVs на ридах NGS либо наличие интересующего SNV только в ридах одного ампликона из двух. Учитывая случаи доказанного и потенциального ADO, мы полагаем, что дизайн олигопраймеров без учета ADO может влиять на эффективность амплификации до 0,85% ампликонов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>All PCR-based sequencing methods have a risk of allelic dropout (ADO) phenomenon, which leads to selective allele amplification during PCR process and may reduce the diagnostic yield of genetic testing. To identify the cases of ADO we compared BAM and VCF files with Sanger sequencing chromatograms. To reveal the causes of ADO, primer binding sites using the gnomAD database were analysed. All amplicons with suspected ADO cases were re-sequenced using the alternative oligoprimers pairs. We have identified 8 cases of ADO both in NGS sequences of targeted genes panels and direct Sanger sequencing. The fact of selective allele amplification was confirmed in all cases by re-sequencing using an alternative pair of primers. Most cases of ADO (6 cases, 75%) were caused by common or rare single nucleotide genetic variants at the annealing sites of oligoprimers, and in two cases (25%) ADO was presumably mediated by the presence of six- or more nucleotides indels in the amplicons studied. In addition, in some amplicons we found the “underrepresentation” of SNVs in NGS reads or the presence of the SNV only in the reads of one amplicon out of two. Given cases of proven and potentially ADO, we suppose that design of oligoprimers without registration of ADO phenomenon may affect the amplification efficiency up to 0,85% of amplicons.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«выпадение» аллеля</kwd><kwd>ДНК-диагностика</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения</kwd><kwd>NGS</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидный генетический вариант</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allelic dropout</kwd><kwd>DNA-diagnostics</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>NGS</kwd><kwd>single nucleotide variation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeong T.D., Cho S.Y., Kim M.W., Huh J. Significant allelic dropout phenomenon of oncomine BRCA research assay on Ion torrent S5. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2019; 57(6):e124-e127. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0674</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeong T.D., Cho S.Y., Kim M.W., Huh J. Significant allelic dropout phenomenon of oncomine BRCA research assay on Ion torrent S5. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2019; 57(6):e124-e127. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0674</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blais J., Lavoie S.B., Giroux S., Bussières J., Lindsay C., Dionne J., Laroche M., Giguère Y., Rousseau F. Risk of misdiagnosis due to allele dropout and false-positive PCR artifacts in molecular diagnostics analysis of 30,769 genotypes. J Mol Diagn. 2015; 17(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.04.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blais J., Lavoie S.B., Giroux S., Bussières J., Lindsay C., Dionne J., Laroche M., Giguère Y., Rousseau F. Risk of misdiagnosis due to allele dropout and false-positive PCR artifacts in molecular diagnostics analysis of 30,769 genotypes. J Mol Diagn. 2015; 17(5):505-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.04.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C., Schroeder K.B., Rosenberg N.A. A maximum-likelihood method to correct for allelic dropout in microsatellite data with no replicate genotypes. Genetics. 2012; 192(2):651-69. doi: 10.1534/genetics.112.139519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C., Schroeder K.B., Rosenberg N.A. A maximum-likelihood method to correct for allelic dropout in microsatellite data with no replicate genotypes. Genetics. 2012; 192(2):651-69. doi: 10.1534/genetics.112.139519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martins E. M., Vilarinho L., Esteves S., Lopes-Marques M., Amorim A., Azevedo L. Consequences of primer binding-sites polymorphisms on genotyping practice. Open J. Genet. 2011; 1:15-17. doi: 10.4236/ojgen.2011.12004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martins E. M., Vilarinho L., Esteves S., Lopes-Marques M., Amorim A., Azevedo L. Consequences of primer binding-sites polymorphisms on genotyping practice. Open J. Genet. 2011; 1:15-17. doi: 10.4236/ojgen.2011.12004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lam C.W., Mak C.M. Allele dropout caused by a non-primer-site SNV affecting PCR amplification - A call for next-generation primer design algorithm. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2013; 421:208-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.03.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lam C.W., Mak C.M. Allele dropout caused by a non-primer-site SNV affecting PCR amplification - A call for next-generation primer design algorithm. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2013; 421:208-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.03.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
